Germany and the Second World War

Germany
and the
Second World War
Edited by the
Militärgeschichtliches
Forschungsamt (Research
Institute for Military History),
Potsdam, Germany
V O L U M E IV
The Attack
on the Soviet Union
H O R ST BO O G
JÜ R G E N F Ö R S T E R
JO A C H IM H O F F M A N N
E R N S T K L IN K
R O L F -D IE T E R M Ü L L E R
G E R D R. U E B E R SC H Ä R
Translated by
D E A N S. M cM U R R Y
EW ALD O SERS
L O U IS E W IL L M O T
Translation editor
EW ALD O SERS
CLAREN D O N PRESS
1998
O XFO RD
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Contents
xiii
L I S T OF I L L U S T R A T I O N S
L I S T OF T A B L E S
xv
>
xvii
N O T E S ON T H E A U T H O R S
jdx
N O T E ON T H E T R A N S L A T I O N
xx
ABBREVIATIO NS
xxxii
G L O S S A R Y OF F O R E IG N T ER M S
IN T R O D U C T IO N
PART I
German War Policy and the Soviet Union 1940-1941
I. H IT L E R ’ S D E C IS IO N IN FA V O U R O F W AR A G A IN S T
T H E S O V IE T U N IO N
by
J ürgen F ö r ster
13
1. The Situation after the War in the West
'3
2. The Turn to the East: Hitler’s Decision of 31 July 1940 and
its Consequences
25
3. Programmatic Objectives vis-ä-vis the Soviet Union and their
Acceptance among the German Officer Corps
30
4. Euro-Asian Continental Bloc and Maritime Strategy: Alternatives
to the Turn to the East?
38
5. German-Soviet Relations from Molotov’s Visit to the Beginning
of the War
42
II. T H E S O V IE T U N IO N U P TO T H E E V E OF
TH E GERM AN A TT A C K
by
J
o a c h im
H
offm ann
52
1 . Origin and Development of the Red Army
52
2. The Red Army until the Beginning of the German-Soviet War
3. Soviet Aid to Germany
72
94
III. FRO M E C O N O M IC A L L IA N C E TO A W AR OF
C O L O N IA L E X P L O IT A T IO N
by
R o lf- D ie te r M öller
i . War-economy Aspects and Consequences of the Alliance with
the Soviet Union 1939-1940
118
118
vi
Concents
(a) German-Soviet Trade Exchange and Hitler’s War Policy up
to the Summer of 1940
(b) The Concept of Large-space Economy and the Russian
Problem
_
120
128
2. Economic Preparations for the War against the Soviet Union
{a) Economic Aspects of the Operational Plan
(b) First Preparatory Steps by the War Economy and
Armaments Department
(c) The Thomas Memorandum and its Consequences
(<J) The Establishment of the Economic Organization East
(e) The Involvement of Private Enterprise
(/) Economic Objectives of the Campaign
142
150
154
161
170
3. Economic Framework for Military Planning
(a) The German War Economy until the Spring of 1941
(i>) Intensification of German-Soviet Trade
187
187
191
4. The Equipment of the Eastern Army
199
IV. T H E M IL IT A R Y C O N C E P T OF T H E W AR A G A IN S T
T H E S O V IE T U N IO N
136
136
225
1. Land Warfare
by
E r n st K l in k
(a) The Red Army in the Judgement of the Army High Command
after September 1939
(i>) Early Phases in Planning within the Army High Commmand
up to July 1940
(c) Army Group В as ‘Security against the East’
(d) The Operational Studies by Marcks and Loßberg
(e) Planning by the Army General Staff and Directive No. 21
(/) The Deployment Directive for the Army
(g) The Preparations of the Quartermaster-General
(Л) The Structure of the Army in the East and Deployment
(») The Assessment of the Red Army before the Attack
225
226
240
255
257
275
285
292
305
320
2. The German Air Force
by H o r s t B o o g
326
(a) The Luftwaffe between the Battle of Britain and Barbarossa
(b) Assessment of the Soviet Air Forces 1939-1941
(c) Preparations for Deployment
326
336
353
3. The German Navy
by E r n s t K l in k
376
V. G E R M A N Y ’ S A C Q U IS IT IO N OF A L L IE S IN
S O U T H -E A S T E U R O PE
by J ü r g e n
I.
F ö rster
Romania in the Political and Economic Field of Force of the
Great Powers
38 6
386
Contents
vii
2. The Vienna Arbitration Award of August 1940 and the Dispatch
of a German Military Mission
393
3. Military Aspects of Romania’s Inclusion in the Barbarossa Plan
398
4. The Position of Hungary and Slovakia in the Preparatory Phase of
Barbarossa
(a) Hungary
(i>) Slovakia
409
T H E IN V O L V E M E N T O F S C A N D IN A V IA IN T H E
P L A N S F O R B A R B A R O SSA
b y G e r d R. U e b e r s c h A r
i. Finland’s Place in Hitler’s Calculations at the Time of the
Resumption of his ‘Eastern Programme’ in the Summer of 1940
2. Finland as a Political and Economic Sphere of Interest between
Stalin and Hitler
409
424
429
429
436
3. Military Aspects of Finland’s Inclusion in the Plans for Barbarossa
443
4. German-Finnish Arrangements and Measures for Finland's
Participation in the War against the Soviet Union
455
5, Sweden’s Position during the Preparatory Phase of the
War against the Soviet Union
47 '
V II. O P E R A T IO N B A R B A R O SS A AS A W AR OF
C O N Q U E ST AN D A N N IH IL A T IO N
BY J ü r g e n
481
F örster
I.
Plans and Preparations for Securing ‘Living-space’
481
2.
Hitler’s Ideological Intentions Translated into Orders
(a) The Regulation of SS Activity in the Operations Area of
the Army
(b) The Limitation of Military Jurisdiction
(c) The ‘ Commissar Order’
49 «
491
496
507
3 - Propaganda Preparations for the War of Annihilation and the
Attitude of the Military Leaders
513
PA R T II
The War against the Soviet Union until the Turn of 1941/1942
I. T H E C O N D U C T OF O P ER A T IO N S
I. The Army and Navy
by
E r n st K l in k
(a) The Opening of the Campaign
(i) The offensive of Army Group Centre until the capture
of the ‘land-bridge’ between Vitebsk and Smolensk
(ii) The offensive of Army Group North
525
525
525
525
537
Contents
viii
(iii) The battles at the frontier in the sector of Army Group
South and the German advance into the Ukraine
(t>) Disputes about the Further Conduct of Operations
(i) The question of the deployment of forces for the second
phase o f the campaign
(c)
(d)
(e)
(/)
(g)
(ii) Vacillation in the directives for the conduct of the war
from 19 July until the end of the month
(iii) The assessment of the enemy at the beginning of August
(iv) Hitler’s acceptance of the need to eliminateMoscow
The Battle of the Ukraine and the Crimea
(i) The advance to the Crimea
(ii) The advance to the Don
(iii) The conquest of the Crimea
The Attack on Leningrad
The Actions of German Naval Forces in the Baltic until the
End of 1941
The Attack on Moscow
(i) The double battle of Bryansk and Vyazma
(ii) Plans for the resumption of the offensive
(iii) The failure of the second offensive
The Repulse of the Winter Offensive of the RedArmy
(i) Assessment of the situation and directives for the
winter war
(ii) The crises in Army Group Centre and their effects on the
command of the army
(iii) The fighting retreat of Army Group Centre until the
stabilization of the front
(iv) Winter fighting in the area of Army Group North until the
re-establishment of a solid front
(v) The defensive battles of Army Group South
546
569
569
572
581
588
594
611
613
627
631
654
664
672
684
693
702
702
707
725
734
751
2. The Luftwaffe
by
H orst B oog
(а) The Surprise Attack against the Soviet Air Force
(б) Ground Support
(i) II and VIII Air Corps and the battles of encirclement of
encirclement of Biatystok and Minsk
(ii) The battle of encirclement at Smolensk
(iii) II Air Corps in the area of Gomel, Bryansk,andRoslavl
(iv) The use of the anti-aircraft units
(v) The conduct of the air war in the Baltic until the
beginning of August
(vi) The thrust towards Leningrad
(vii) V Air Corps support for Armoured Group 1 and
Sixth Army to the Stalin line
(viii) The breakthrough of the Stalin line
(ix) IV Air Corps on the right wing of Army Group South
(x) The Luftwaffe in the battle of encirclement atUman
763
763
768
768
770
773
774
775
776
778
778
779
780
Contents
(xi) The repulse of the Soviet thrust at Boguslav and
Kanev
(xii) Mopping-tip operations in the southern Dnieper bend
(xiii) Anti-aircraft units in the south
(xiv) The battle of encirclement at Kiev {28 August26 September)
(xv) Support for the advance of Seventeenth and Sixth
Armies by V Air Corps
(xvi) IV Air Corps and the conquest of the Crimea
(xvii) The setback at Rostov
(xviii) The Luftwaffe on the Volkhov and at Tikhvin
(xix) Air Fleet 2 and preparations for the attack on Moscow
(xx) The double battle of Bryansk and Vyazma
(xxi) The crisis west of Moscow
(c) The Air War at Sea
(d ) Attempts at an Independent Strategic Air War against the
Sources of Soviet Strength
0 ) The Situation of the Luftwaffe at the Turn of 1941-1942
ix
781
781
783
783
785
786
787
789
790
793
794
799
802
814
T H E C O N D U C T OF T H E W AR T H R O U G H
SO V IE T E Y E S
BY J o a c h i m H o f f m a n n
The Beginning of the War
2. The Reorganization of the Supreme Command
I.
833
833
836
3 - The ‘Fatherland War’: Fight against Disintegration. Mobilization
of Material and Manpower Reserves
The
Struggle for Leningrad
45 - The Battle of Smolensk
6. The Fighting for the Ukraine
7 - The Partisan War
8. The Repulse of the German Autumn Offensive at Leningrad
and Rostov
9 - The Repulse of the German Attack on Moscow
10. The Red Army’s Counter-offensive at Moscow, December 1941
ii . The Red Army’s Counter-attacks at Leningrad and in the Crimea
12. Methods of a War of Annihilation
■3 - The Red Army’s General Offensive in the Winter of 1942
4 - The Establishment of the Anti-Hitler Coalition
. S T R A T E G Y A N D P O L IC Y IN N O R T H E R N E U R O P E
BY G e r d R. U e b e r s c h Ar
i. German Operations in the 'Finland Theatre’
(a) Operation Platinum Fox (‘Platinfuchs’) against Murmansk
((>) Operation Arctic Fox (‘Polarfuchs’) against the
Murmansk Railway
840
858
865
870
876
882
885
896
903
906
919
928
941
941
941
945
Contents
X
(c) Problems of German Naval and Air Operations in the Far
North
•
(d) Balance Sheet of Military Operations inNorthern Finland to
1941-1942
(e) New Strategic Deliberations after the Turn of 1941-1942
'*<
2. Finnish Army Operations
(a) Recovery of the Former Finnish Territories in Ladoga-Karelia
and on the Karelian Isthmus
(4) Conquest of East Karelia and Advance to the River Svir (c) Military Result of Operations inSouthern Finland and the
Problem of Joint Miliury Planning
953
960
966
972
972
976
980
3. Political Balance Sheet of German-Finnish ‘Brotherhood-in-arms’
to the Winter of 1941-1942
983
4. The Attitude of Sweden Following the German Invasion of the
Soviet Union
993
5. The Reaction of Occupied Denmark and Norway to Hitler’s
Attack on the Soviet Union
1003
IV. T H E D E C IS IO N S OF T H E T R IP A R T IT E P A C T S T A T E S
by
J ü r g en F ö r ster
10 2 1
1. The Committed Allies
(a) Romania
(b) Hungary
(c) Slovakia
(d)
1021
1021
1028
1034
Italy
1037
2. The Reluctant Allies
(a) Bulgaria
(*>) Japan
.
1041
1041
1043
V. V O L U N T E E R S FO R T H E ‘ E U R O P E A N C R U S A D E
A G A IN S T B O L S H E V IS M ’
1. The ‘Crusade’ Aspect
■
by J ü r g en F ö r ster
1049
1049
2. Volunteers from Western and Southern Europe
by
■
J ü r g en F ö r ster
10 53
3 - Volunteers from Northern Europe at the Beginning of the War
against the Soviet Union
by
G e r d R . U e b e r s c h Ar
10 7 0
VI. T H E F A IL U R E O F T H E E C O N O M IC ‘ B L IT Z K R IE G
STRATEG Y’
by
R o lf-D ie t e r M ü ller
10 8 1
1. Economic Policy in Anticipation of Victory
1081
2. First Modifications
1096
3. The Supply of the Army in the East until the Failure
before M oscow
•
110 7
Contents
(я) Army Group North
(fr) Army Group South
(c) Army Group Centre
4. The Food-supply Issue: Starvation Strategy or Pragmatism
(а) Self-supply by the Wehrmacht
(б) Selective Starvation Policy against the Soviet Civilian
Population
(c) Mass Deaths among Soviet Prisoners of War
5.
Economic Causes and Consequences of the Failed Blitzkrieg
xi
1114
1117
1124
1141
1150
П57
1172
1180
VII. S E C U R IN G ‘L IV IN G -S P A C E ’
by J ü r g e n
F ö rste r
1189
1. Pacification of the Conquered Territories
1189
2. Implementation of th e‘Commissar Order’
1225
3. The Organization o f ‘Living-space’
1235
O PER A TIO N B A R B A R O SS A IN H IS T O R IC A L P E R S P E C T IV E
by J ü r g en F ö r ster
12 4 5
B IBLIO GR APH Y
1256
I. Unpublished Sources
II. Service Regulations
III. Published Sources
IN D EX OF PERSO NS
1256
1294
1296
1353
List of Illustrations
DIAGRAMS
Lai. i. Structure of Economic Staff East ir. 1941
15 8
I. III.2 . Structure of Economic Organization East (Plan)
159
I.III.3.
The Materia] Equipment of the German Army in the East
(incl. Army HQ Norway), 22 June 1941
1 1 Order of Battle of Eighteenth Army on 22 July 1941
I.IV.2 . Order of Battle of Army Group B, End of September 1940
I.IV.3 - Scructure of the Quartermaster-general’s Department,
I. V . .
222-3
246
258
as on i October 1940
295
Structure of the Department for War Administration,
as on i May 1941
296
I.rv.5.
Luftwaffe Chain of Command in the East, 22 June 1941
363
I.V1.1.
German-Finnish Deployment and Disposition of Soviet
Forces from North 10 South, 30 June 1941
465
I.iv.4.
II.I.I. Order of Battle of Army Group Centre, 1 July 1941
II.I.2.
Order of Battle of Army Group Centre,
II.I.3.
Order of Battle of Army Group South, 27 June 1941
II.I.4. Order of Battle of Army Group South,
July
4
4
July
528
19 4 1
529
550
19 4 1
551
II...5. Order of Battle of Army Group South, 12 July 1941
Order of Battle of Army Group South,
11.1.7.
Order of Battle of Army Group Centre, 2 October 1941
19
July
552-3
П .1.6.
19 4 1
554-5
II.1.8. Luftwaffe Operations in the East in 1941
II.1.9.
668-9
806-8
Command Structure between Luftwaffe and Army in the
East at the Beginning of January 1942
820
Il.ni.i. Total Supply Transports to Norway and Finland April
1941-February 1942
961
И.Ш.2. Disposition of Forces in Finland (North to South) as of
January-February 1942
971
II.Vi.I. The Ramifications of Economic Organization East from the
Start of the Campaign to the End of 1941
1102
II.VI.2.. Effective Strength and Losses of Armoured Fighting
Vehicles and Assault-guns, 2 2 June 1 9 4 1 - 3 1 January
1129
II. Vii-I . Structure of the Occupied Territories
19 4 2
1 192
xiv
List of Illustrations
M APS
Europe at the End of November 1940
front endpaper
I.m.I. The Planned Boundaries of the EconomicInspectorates
162
I.in.2. Grain Distribution within the Soviet Union (1939)
178
I.rv.I. Disposition and Stationing Areas of Eighteenth Army on
22 July 1940 and Grouping of Red Army Forces Assumed
by Army High Command (Excluding Frontier Guard Units)
248
I.iv.2. Operations Draft East (Major-General Marcks), 5 August
1940
261
I.iv.3. Deployment Directive Barbarossa
289
I.iv.4. Tactical Depth of Penetration by German and Soviet
Bombers
373
I.iv.5. Initial Position of Naval Operations in the Balticj 22 June
1941
З84
Lvi.I. German-Finnish Operations Plan (1940-1941) for the Attack
on the Soviet Union
451
I.vii. i. Rosenberg’s Plan for a Civilian Administration in the East,
M ay 1941
II.1.1. The Situation on the Southern Wing of Army Group South,
30 November-3 December 1 941
Europe at the Beginning of December 1941
490
623
back endpaper
List of Tables
I.n.i. Specifications of German and Soviet Tanks
I
1.ШЛ. Germany’s Trade with the USSR during the First Ten
Months of the War
127
1.Ш.2. Armaments Production by the Great Powers, 1940-1941
2 17
1.111.3. Armaments Programme B: Production of Weapons,
Equipment, and Ammunition for the Army from 1
September 1940 to 31 March 1941
79
218-9
1.111.4. Armoured Fighting Vehicles
219
1.111.5. Equipment of Divisions with Motor Transport
220
I.iv.i. Ammunition Stockpiled in Supply Districts, 17 February 1941
298
l.iv.2. Stockpiles of Ammunition, 21-25 June 1941
298
I.iv.3. Forces Deployed in the Western Soviet Union up to 20
June 1941
325
I.iv.4. Specifications and Performance of the Principal Aircraft
of the Soviet Air Forces, Summer 1941
346-7
I.rv,5. Effective Strength and Combat-readiness of Flying
Formations (incl. Replacements) of the Luftwaffe in
the East on the Eve of Barbarossa (21 June 1941)
I.IV.6. Order of Battle of the Air Fleets Deployed against the
Soviet Union on the Eve of Barbarossa
I.iv.7. Specifications and Performance of the Principal Aircraft
Models Employed by the Luftwaffe in the East, Summer 1941
364
368-70
374-5
I.iv.8. Disposition of Anti-aircraft Forces
376
II.i.I. German Estimate of Maximum Potential Soviet Strength,
Autumn 1941
587
11.1.2. Order of Battle of the Flying Units of Air Fleets 1, 2, and 4
Employed against the Soviet Union, 3 August 1941
772-3
11.1.3. Order of Battle of the Flying Units of Air Fleets 1, 2, and 4
Employed against the Soviet Union, 10 October 1941
791-2
11.1.4. Order of Battle of the Flying Units in the East (Excluding
Air Fleet 5 and Air Transport Units), 20 December 1941
796-7
II.vi. i. Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Assault-guns on the Eastern
Front between 22 June 1941 and 31 January 1942
1 120—2
xvi
List of Tables
n.vi.2. Deliveries of Agricultural Produce I September 1941-31
August 1942, as of 31 May 1942
П52
JI.vt.3. German Armaments production before and during the
Russian Campaign
1 181
II.VI.4- Performance of Economic Staff East over its first Twelve
Months
1185
Notes on the Authors
D r H o r s t B o o g (b. 1928). Publications: Verteidigung im Bündnis: Planung.
A u flau und Bewährung der Bündeswehr 1950-/972 (co-author) (Munich, 1975);
‘ Das Offizierkorps der Luftwaffe 1935-1945% in Das deutsche Offizierkorps
18 60-1960 (Boppard a.Rh. 1980; published jointly with M G F A by Hanns
Hubert Hofmann), 269-325; Die deutsche Luftwaffenführung /955-/945:
Führungsprobleme, Spitzengliederung, Generalstabsausbildung (Stuttgart, 1982);
‘ Die Anti-Hitler-Koalition’ , in Der globale Krieg: D ü Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg
und der Wechsel der Initiative 19 4 1-19 4 3 (Stuttgart, 1990) = Das Deutsche Reich
und der Zweite Weltkrieg, vi. 3-94; editor of The Conduct of the A ir War in the
Second World War: A n International Comparison (Oxford, 1992; Germ an edn.
Herford and Bonn, 1993). Author of numerous articles in German and foreign
specialized journals on the history o f the Luftwaffe, the air war, air-force
tactics and technology, and secret intelligence services, as well as on twentiethcentury diplomatic history.
D r J ü r g e n F ö r s t e r (b. 194c). Publications: Stalingrad, Risse im Bündnis
1942/43 (Freiburg, 1975); ‘ The German Army and the Ideological War against
the Soviet Union’ (co-author), in The Policies of Genocide, ed. Gerhard
Hirschfeld (London, 1986), 15-29; ‘T he Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft: The
Effectiveness o f the German Military Establishment in the Second World
W ar’, in Military Effectiveness, ed. Allan Reid Millett and Williamson Murray,
vol. iii. The Second World War (Boston, London, and Sydney, 1988), 180-220;
editor of Stalingrad: Ereignis, Wirkung, Symbol (Munich, 1993); ‘Zum
Rußiandbild der Militärs 19 4 1-19 4 5 ’, in Das Rußlandbild im Dritten Reich, ed.
Hans-Erich Volkmann (Cologne, 1994), 14 1-8 4 ; ‘Hitler Turns to the East’, in
Two Roads to Moscow, ed. Bernd Wegner (Oxford, 1995); ‘Germany’, in
Companion to the Second World War, ed. Ian C . B. D ear (Oxford, 1995). Other
publications on Second World War problems.
D r J o a c h i m H o f f m a n n (b. 1930). Publications: ‘D er Volkskrieg in
Frankreich in der Sicht von Karl M arx und Friedrich Engels’ , in Entscheidung
1870: Der deutsch-französische Krieg (Stuttgart, 1970), 204-55; Deutsche und
Kalmyken 1942 bis 1945, 3rd edn. (Freiburg, 1977); Die Ostlegionen 19 4 1-19 4 3 :
Turkotataren, Kaukasier und Wolgafinnen im deutschen Heer, 2nd edn.
(Freiburg, 19 81); Die Geschichte der Wlassow-Armee, 2nd edn. (Freiburg, 1986;
Russian edn. Paris, Г990); Kaukasien 1942/43: Das deutsche Heer und die
Orientvölker der Sowjetunion (Freiburg, 19 9 1); ‘ Die Angriffsvorbereitungen der
Sowjetunion 19 4 1’, in Zwei Wege nach Moskau: Vom Hitler-Stalin-Pakt bis zum
‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ , ed. Bernd Wegner on behalf o f M G F A (Munich
and Zürich, 19 9 1), 367-88 (Russian translation ‘ Podgotovka Sovetskogo
xviii
Notes on the Authors
Sojuza к nastupitel'noj vojne 1941 goda’, in Otecestvennaja Istorija [Moscow)
1993, N o, 4, pp. 19 - 3 1) . Other publications on nineteenth-century political,
diplomatic, and military history.
D r R o l f - D i e t e r M ü l l e r (b. 1948). Publications: Das Tor zur Weltmacht:
Die Bedeutung der Sowjetunion fü r die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Rüstungspolitik
zwischen den Weltkriegen (Boppard a . R h . , 1984); Wer zurückweicht wird
erschossen! Kriegsalltag und Kriegsende in Südwestdeutschland, jointly with Gerd
R. Ueberschär and Wolfram Wette (Freiburg, 1985)5 editor, with Hans
Günter Branch, o f Chemische Kriegführung— Chemische Abrüstung (Berlin,
1985); Deutschland am Abgrund: Zusammenbruch und Untergang des Dritten
Reiches 1945, jointly w i t h Gerd R . Ueberschär (Konstanz, 1986);
Geschichtswende? Entsorgungsversuche zur deutschen Geschichte (co-author)
(Freiburg, 1987); Giftgas gegen A bd el Krim ! Deutschland, Spanien und der
Gaskrieg in Spanisch-Marokko 1922-/9 27, with Rudibert Kunz (Freiburg,
1990); e d i t o r o f Die deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik in den besetzten sowjetischen
Gebieten 19 4 1-19 4 3 (Boppard a.Rh., 19 9 1); Hitlers Ostkrieg und die deutsche
Siedlungspolitik (Frankfurt, 19 9 1); Kriegsende 1945 ; Die Zerstörung des Deutschen
Reiches, jointly w i t h Gerd R . Ueberschär (Frankfurt, 1994); ‘ Die
Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft für Hitlers Kriegführung’, in
Kriegsverwaltung, Wirtschaft und personelle Ressourcen 19 3 9 -19 4 1 (Stuttgart,
1988) = Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, v/i. 349-689. Other
articles o n the history o f G erm an-Soviet relations and on the economic and
armaments policy of the Third Reich.
D r G e r d R . U e b e r s c h ä r (b. 1943). Publications: Hitler und Finnland
19 3 9 -19 4 1; Die deutsch-finnischen Beziehungen während des Hitler-Sialin-Paktes;
(Wiesbaden, 1978); Bomben und Legenden: Die schrittweise Aufklärung des
Luftangriffs auf Freiburg am 10. M ai 1940, jointly with Wolfram Wette
(Freiburg, 19 8 1); editor, with Wolfram Wette, o f ‘ Unternehmen Barbarossa’
(Paderborn 1984; new rev. paperback edn. Der deutsche Überfall auf die
Sowjetunion, 2nd edn. (Frankfurt, 19 9 1)); Wer zurückweicht wird erschossen!
Kriegsalltag und Kriegsende in Südwestdeutschland 1944/45, jointly with RolfDieter Müller and Wolfram Wette (Freiburg, 1985); Endlich Frieden! Das
Kriegsende in Freiburg 1945, jointly with T h . Schnabel (Freiburg, 1985);
Deutschland am Abgrund, jointly with Rolf-Dieter M üller (Konstanz, 1986);
Geschichtswende? Entsorgungsversuche zur deutschen Vergangenheit (co-author)
(Freiburg, 1987); (French edn. L ’Histoire escamotie (Paris, 1988)); Das Di­
lemma der deutschen Mihtäropposition (Berlin, 1988); Freiburg im Luftkrieg 19 39 1945 (Freiburg, 1990); Generaloberst Franz Haider (Göttingcn, 1991); editor,
with Wolfram Wette, o f Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht, 2nd
edn. (Frankfurt, 1993); Kriegsende 1945, jointly with Rolf-Dieter Müller, 2nd
edn. (Frankfurt, 1994); editor o f Der 20. Ju li 1944: Bewertung und Rezeption des
deutschen Widerstandes gegen das NS-Regime (Cologne, 1994); Germany’s War
against the Soviet Union, 19 4 1-19 4 5, jointly with Rolf-Dieter M üller (Oxford,
1995 )-
Note on the Translation
P a r t I was translated by Ewald Osers, Part Пл by Dean S. M cM urray, Part
II.ii by Ewald Osers, Part II. iii- vii, as well as the Conclusion, by Louise
Willmot. T h e translation as a whole was revised and edited by Ewald Osers.
In the Bibliography information has been added concerning English trans­
lations o f Germ an and other foreign-language works. These translations are
cited in the footnotes and have been used whenever possible for quotations
occurring in the text.
Personal and geographical names in the text and the maps— except those for
which established English names exist (e.g. Warsaw, M oscow, Archangel)—
have been given in the form laid down by the British Standard and by Official
Standard Names Approved by the US Board of Geographic Names (US Depart­
ment o f the Interior, Office o f Geography).
In the footnotes and the Bibliography Russian sources are given in accord­
ance with the International System o f transliteration.
Abbreviations
Note. This list serves mainly as a key to the many abbreviations found in
archival sources, but does not reflect the full range of variation in pointing etc.
encountered in the citations given in the footnotes.
A A (i), Ausw. Amt
A A (2)
Abt.
Abw.
ADAP
AEG
A FV
AG
AHA
AK
Amt Ausl./Abw.
Anh.
Ani.
AO
AOK
AO Kraft
AR
Art.
A rt.Kdr.
Art.Rgt.
ASM Z
Ast
Att.Abt.
Aufkl.Abt.
Ausb.Abt.
AW A
BA
Auswärtiges Amt: ministry of foreign affairs
anti-aircraft
Abteilung: section, department, unit, detail, battalion
(armoured forces), battery (artillery)
Abwehr: foreign intelligence
Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik: Documents on
German Foreign Policy (cf. D G F P )
Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft: General Elec­
tric Company
Armoused fighting vehicle(s)
Aktiengesellschaft: joint stock company
Allgemeines Heeresamt: general army office
Armeekorps: army corps
Amt Ausland/Abwehr: foreign intelligence depart­
ment in the High Command of the Armed Forces
Anhang: annexe, appendix
Anlage: enclosure
Abwehroffizier security officer
Armeeoberkommando: army headquarters staff
Armee-Kraftfahr-Offizier: army motor-transport of­
ficer
artillery regiment
Artillerie: artillery
Artillerie-Kommandeur: artillery commander
Artillerie-Regiment: artillery regiment
Allgemeine schweizerische Militärzeitschrift
Abwehrstelle: military security control centre
Attache-Abteilung im GenStdH : attache section in
the Arm y General Staff
Aufklärungs-Abteilung: reconnaissance unit
Ausbildungs-Abteilung im GenStdH : training depart­
ment in the Army General Staff
Allgemeines Wehrmachtamt: general Wehrmacht
office
Bundesarchiv: Federal German archives, Koblenz
Abbreviations
В-Abt.
B A -M A
Battr.
B dE
BdK
BdS
Befh.
Befh, rückw.
Bef.St.
Bes. Ostgeb.
besp.
BG
Bibi.
B r.B .N r.
Brig.
Brü.Bau-Btl.
Brüko
B v.T O
ChefdGenSt
ChefdSt.
ChefH Rü u.
Chefs.
CK
CP(B)
CPSU
C P SU (B )
C S IR
D BG
D EV
d.G.
D GFP
xxi
Beobachtungs-Abteilung: artillery survey unit
Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (Federal German military
archives), Freiburg im Breisgau
Batterie: battery
Befehlshaber des Ersatzheeres: commander o f the
training army
Befehlshaber der Kreuzer: commander o f cruisers
Befehlshaber der Schnellboote: commander of motor
torpedo-boats
Befehlshaber: commander
H .G eb. Befehlshaber des rückwärtigen Heeresgebietes: com­
mander o f Army Group L o f С District
Befehlsstelle: command post
Besetzte Ostgebiete: occupied eastern areas
bespannt: horse-drawn
Bom ber Geschwader
Bibliothek: library
Briefbuchnummer: correspondence log number
Brigade: brigade
Brückenbau-Bataillon: bridge-building battalion
Brücken-Kolonne: bridging column
Bevollmächtigter Transportoffizier: authorized trans­
port officer
C h ef des Generalstabes: chief o f the general staff
C hef des Stabes: chief o f staff
BdE
C hef der Heeresrüstung und Befehlshaber des
Ersatzheeres: head o f army equipment and com­
mander o f the training army
Chefsache: to be seen by senior officer only
Crezvycajnaja Komissija po bor'be s komrrevotjuciej i
sabotazem: Extraordinary Commission for the Strug­
gle against Counterrevolution and Sabotage
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
{earlier name)
Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia: Italian
Expeditionary' Corps in Russia
Dive-bomber Geschwader
Division Espanola de Voluntarios: Spanish Volunteer
Division
des Generalstabes: of the general staff
Documents on German Foreign Policy (translation o f
A D A P -S see the Bibliography)
Abbreviations
xxii
DHM
D iv;'1
D LM
'
DMM
DNB
D N SA P
D t.Ges.
Dulag
Dv.
DVK
eb
Eisenb.Pz.Züge
EM
Entgift.Abt.
Erg
(F)
FaBG
'
Fallsch.Brig.
F-Aufklärer
FdT
Feldkdtr.
FG
FH
FK
F.K apt.
FlaBtl
FlakRgt
Flamm
F l.Korps
FrdHeere Ost,
Fr.H .O st
Frhr.
FRU S
F ü A b t.
G,
Geschw.
GAC
Geb.
geh.
Deutsche Heeresmission: German Army Mission
Division: division
Deutsche Luftwaffenmission: German Air Force
Mission
Deutsche Marinemission: German Naval Mission
Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro: German News Agency
Dansk National Socialistik Aгbejdeфaгti: Danish
National Socialist Workers’ (Nazi) Party
Deutsche Gesandtschaft: German embassy
Durchgangslager: transit camp
Dienstvorschrift: military manual
Deutsches Verbindungskommando: German liaison
HQ
einsatzbereit: combat-ready
Eisenbahn-Panzer-Züge: armoured railway trains
Ereignismeldung: incident report
Entgiftungsabteilung: decontamination battery
Ergänzungs-: reserve
Femaufklärungs-: long-range reconnaissance
Fast Bom ber Geschwader
Fallschirmbrigade: paratroop brigade
Fernaufklärer: long-range reconnaissance aircraft
Führer der Torpedoboote: leader o f torpedo-boats
Feldkommandantur: field H Q established in rear
areas
Fighter Geschwader
Feldhaubitze: field howitzer
Feldkommandantur: field HQ in rear areas
Fregattenkapitän: commander (navy)
Flugabwehr-Bataillon: A A battalion
Flakregiment: A A regiment
Flammenwerfer: flame-thrower
Fliegerkorps: air corps
Abt. Fremde Heere Ost im GenStdH : department
Foreign Armies East in the army generalstaff
Freiherr (title equivalent to ‘baron’)
Foreign Relations of the United States
(see the
Bibliography)
Führungsabteilung: operations department
Geschwader (q.v. in Glossary) 3 Gruppen and a staff
unit
German Africa Corps
Gebirgs-: mountain
geheim: secret