" (; 2 & 2 1 8 1% & 2 J 8 )*- ' = P5P 8 $ )5* H ; B > # 2 1 0 / 0 . 8 7 8 )*) 9 0 1/ . 7 ; 9 0 0 8 )*, 0 = P+P ;J 8 7 = P+P 8 1 ' 7 " = 0 2 G # <A38 < L*+:M =' $ ' / Res ≈ 10−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max TAuslass max )-, 4,5 4(6 4(, 4() TAuslass min )), )():):- ΔTAuslass :( *6: ), )4 TAuslass gem. ),5 )64 )64 (# C% 9 +, 8 8 0 2;J 1 1/ ; B 8 )++ / 0 1 = / / = ! 0 # /H H / 1 0 B !D;J " J ' 2/H / !D / 8 2 8> / 0 ( % 1 'K > <8% % 8 )++ > 1 / > 0 / H $ ++ ' 3 7/ /0 D 8 *:( " # ): 8> / ' = P+P P5P ' ! 0 . 0 7 1 > / J 2 %:)+& 1 0 # ' 0 0 1 0 H <= . ? 3'/ B 8 !;;J !D ' 1 = / 2' $ / 0 G . 8 D0 / 0 2 / = 0 ( . @<*A ΔpBE (H+()5 (H+()) @<*A ΔpBE Rehme (H+((4 (H+(++ ΔpBE − ΔpBE Rehme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±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a aij at b cp d dh,0 [m2 /s] [Ns/m] [m2 /s] [m] [kJ/kgK] [m] [m] dh,B dh,c [m] [m] dh,i dh,k dh,tot [m] [m] [m] e eA eL eN eT fB fBlasius fi fk [−] [−] [−] [−] [−] [−] [−] [−] [−] fGS [−] fRehme g h [−] [m/s2 ] [kJ/kg] 4" # D 2 $ 8> / # D . / !0B . / 0 C / C 3' C / C / C / C / C / / / > / / / //O0 3' //O0 3 //O0 / //O0 / C / //O0 2 ! //O0 *45 @/ 0 k ki l m mi n n0 [m2 /s2 ] [W/m2 K] [m] [−] [kg/m2 s] [m] [m] nChiu nO nW and⊥ [−] [−] [−] p pSystem pW and q s t u, v, w v v vax,0 vax,B vax,c vax,i vax,k vef f vi,AH vn vN vquer vquer vquer,max vquer,Zentral vquer,x vquer,y vres vs [P a] [P a] [P a] [W/m2 ] [m] [s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] vSpalt vW and|| [m/s] [m/s] w [−] # / . /O0 / > " / 8 ! E 8 ! / n$ 0 / 8 $ A? / @ . ? / / !C/ / 10 . / / . ! 7 2// # ! // 2// 8> / / " 8> / 3' 8> / / 8> / / 8> / / C / " D// 3' 8> / 8 9/ 2/ " 9/ # 9/ " > 9/ 9/ 0 0 7 / 9/ > 9/ C 2/ / 0 9 / 9/ ! E 2// 0 . 7 / =0 . / / . / *4: @/ 0 wij x, y, z y+ yij [kg/ms] [−] [−] [m] 8 > $ . 8 0 "/ 0 / A A0 − A3 Aax,0 Aax,B Aax,c Aax,i Aax,k Aax,tot [m2 ] [−] [m2 ] [m2 ] [m2 ] [m2 ] [m2 ] [m2 ] ADraht ADraht,ell. [m2 ] [m2 ] ADraht⊥ Af f [m2 ] [m2 ] An Aneu ASpalt B1 − B5 C CChiu Cf,k C1 , C2 Cμ [m] [m2 ] [m2 ] [−] [−] [−] [−] [−] [−] C1 − C5 [−] CN L1 − CN L7 CN inokata D F FDraht N FDraht [−] 9? $ Cμ 9? / 9? 3' 9? / 9? / 9? / C / 9? / 9? E? 0 ! E? / ! 8 ? ' = 0 0 $ 8/ RE 9? 9? ! $ # $ $ ' / C / $ 2 $ 1 1/ =/ / #0 $ #0 [−] [m] [N] [N] [N] $ ! $ / 1 ' $ @ / $ *4) ' @/ 0 T FDraht [N] F Druck FF eder Fin F Reib FRehme FStab A FStab L FStab [N] [N] [N] [N] [−] [N] [N] [N] F Struktur FW and G [N] [N] [m] Geg H Href Hyp K 1 , K2 L LP r Max [m] [m] [m] [m] [−] [m] [m] [kg/s] Mi Mi,quer Mi,quer,ref [kg/s] [kg/s] [kg/s] Mi,quer,max [kg/s] Mij,quer,turb [kg/s] MBE M 1 BE 4 M 1 M od 4 M 1 Spalt 4 Mtot NDraht Nk O ODraht [kg/s] [kg/s] [kg/s] [kg/s] [kg/s] [−] [−] [m2 ] [m2 ] # / ' $ 1/ // =/ 8 $ 1/ / 2 / 1 ! ' $ 8> / ! ' $ / ! ' $ 1/ !/ ' $ 1 2 = ' $ 8 0 "/ ! 'H ! E 2/ 2 ; 0 ; C $ 30 Q " " 7 / > " / 2 9 / 0 ' 9 / " > 9 / # 9 / / K " 3 " 13 " 1" / " 1! " / / 80 / #C / A? ? *44 @/ 0 Of s [m2 ] Oi,ab OStab OW and [m2 ] [m2 ] [m2 ] P Pel P rt Q Qdif f Qkonv Qi,ab Qi,aus Qi,ein Qi,quer Qi,quer,turb Qi,zu Qi, 1 Stab [m] [W ] [−] [W/m3 ] [W ] [W ] [W ] [W ] [W ] [W ] [W ] [W ] [W ] QStab R(vres ) Res Sij Sk [W/m] [N] [−] [1/s] [−] Ti Ti,aus Ti,ein Ti,Start T∞ [K] [K] [K] [K] [K] Ube,B Ube,i Ube,Stab&Draht V Xi Xk [m] [m] [m] [m3 ] [−] [−] 4 $ /? 0 = 3 / A? 0 . / ! ? A? =0 $ / . ! / # 0 . E D . $/ . 8 ' . 8 . . 2 8 # 8 7 ' . 13 ? 0 ' . ! . / # ! 8 9? / C / 9? # / 8 / / ! / $ " 0 ! 30 3' 30 / 30 ! 1 " / ' / " / ' / C / *46 @/ 0 $"" & α αi [] [W/m2 K] αM od [W/m2 K] αSpalt [W/m2 K] βth βturb βDraht [1/K] [−] [−] γ δ δij ∗ h M ∗M ζax ζlat η ηlat κ λ λt λStruktur μ μt ν ξ π ρ ρStruktur σ σk σ σt τW and ϕ [] [−] [−] [m2 /s3 ] [−] [m2 /s] [m2 /s] [−] [−] [−] [−] [m] [−] [W/mK] [W/mK] [W/mK] [kg/ms] [kg/ms] [m2 /s] [−] [−] [kg/m3 ] [kg/m3 ] [N/m2 ] [−] [−] [N/m2 ] [N/m2 ] [] 4" ./ . ' /O0 $' . ' /O0 " . ' /O0 ! # 8/O0 # 8 /O0 8 /O0 3 0 9 / D/ $/ #0 ./ / ./ / ./ ./ 8> =//O0 =//O0 ./ " = / . / # . / . / !/ C 1/ # 1/ $ 1/ = / 0 !;/ $0 !/ ! $ k 2 $ 2 C! # . !;/ *4, @/ 0 ω [1/s] =E0 Δpax/Href [P a] ΔpB Δpi Δpk Δplateral Δt ΔT ΔTB |L0 Δzax Θ ΞAH [P a] [P a] [P a] [P a] [s] [K] [K] [m] [] [−] Υax [−] Υlat [−] Φ Ψ Ψ [−] [−] [−] Ψ [−] Ψ̂ [−] Ψ̌ [−] Ψ̂ [−] Ψ̌ [−] Ωij ∇ [1/s] [−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ρ(h) 8 * ρ1 (25kJ/kg ≤ h ≤ 2000kJ/kg) = 1, 013213864371110 · 103 −1, 417624235598870 · 10−2 · h − 2, 430971206074500 · 10−4 · h2 +1, 316420741686870 · 10−7 · h3 − 4, 427539089369680 · 10−11 · h4 +2, 750398881714410 · 10−15 · h5 − 5, 964121238264560 · 10−19 · h6 %<*& 8 + ρ2 (2000kJ/kg < h ≤ 4025kJ/kg) = 7, 494265748483390 · 103 −7, 834813416766480 · h + 2, 600004742099660 · 10−3 · h2 +5, 104453257850380 · 10−8 · h3 − 2, 238948898704290 · 10−10 · h4 +4, 941652932312460 · 10−14 · h5 − 3, 479873079706500 · 10−18 · h6 *,4 %<+& 8 O# 1%& '% <9 (= μ(h) 8 * μ1 (25kJ/kg ≤ h < 1000kJ/kg) = 2, 062002274297360 · 10−3 −1, 508669727117510 · 10−5 · h + 6, 169610820265700 · 10−8 · h2 −1, 452266644022530 · 10−10 · h3 + 1, 923654027180750 · 10−13 · h4 −1, 323959609227680 · 10−16 · h5 + 3, 671355094073410 · 10−20 · h6 %<5& 8 + μ2 (1000kJ/kg ≤ h ≤ 4025kJ/kg) = 5, 621462482040420 · 10−4 −1, 195536212281610 · 10−6 · h + 1, 368785071392200 · 10−9 · h2 −8, 607281185261640 · 10−13 · h3 + 2, 917575200268330 · 10−16 · h4 −4, 987833389736260 · 10−20 · h5 + 3, 377395648033300 · 10−24 · h6 *,6 %<:& 8 O* & &% '% <9 (= λ(h) 8 * λ1 (25kJ/kg ≤ h ≤ 2100kJ/kg) = 5, 564692735232980 · 10−1 +6, 139505024977470 · 10−4 · h − 9, 757747625202190 · 10−7 · h2 +8, 182580039822050 · 10−10 · h3 − 4, 568815661172040 · 10−13 · h4 +1, 114824654501870 · 10−16 · h5 − 4, 642152735888360 · 10−21 · h6 %<)& 8 + λ2 (2100kJ/kg < h ≤ 4025kJ/kg) = −1, 500942983538990 · 102 +3, 086262935074840 · 10−1 · h − 2, 587071194695360 · 10−4 · h2 +1, 137713313362030 · 10−7 · h3 − 2, 776948775010820 · 10−11 · h4 +3, 574292811392010 · 10−15 · h5 − 1, 898013575118270 · 10−19 · h6 *,, %<4& 8 O( 9 '% <9 (= T (h) T (25kJ/kg ≤ h ≤ 4025kJ/kg) = 2, 690708886807660 · 102 +2, 407635528363740 · 10−1 · h − 6, 608612361022410 · 10−5 · h2 +1, 641150566193040 · 10−7 · h3 − 1, 385406874285900 · 10−10 · h4 +4, 158420951530710 · 10−14 · h5 − 4, 088115919609840 · 10−18 · h6 *,- %<6& ' 2 7 Gr g · βth · ΔT · l3 Auf triebskraf t = V iskositätskraf t ν2 %*& Konvektiver W ärmetransport α·l = Dif f usiver W ärmetransport λ %+& ρ · v · dh T rägheitskräf te = Reibungskräf te μ %5& wij Dynamik eines P rozesses = F ähigkeit, Energie zu speichern s · mi %:& Gr = @7 Nu Nu = C7 Re Re = ! 7 St St = F7 P e Pe = ρ · v · cp · l Konvektiver W ärmetransport = W ärmetransport durch W ärmeleitung λ %)& 7 P r Pr = ν μ · cp Dif f usiver Impulstransport = = Dif f usiver W ärmetransport a λ *-( %4& 7 0 +(() 8 +((, ' $ / %$#& =0 $ 2 3 / H ' $ C %$& ! H / 0 ' 8 H 8 ' G # !H ' $ / %$#& =0 $ 2H / ' #H ' 8 G $ " 3 8 2 < I; ! ? 2' 2;0 / ' 3 0 ; 3H J 0 2 8 818 A / ' @ 0 '0 I / ' / 8 $#H .# H / H 0 ! // / ' 8 3 ; H ! 2J ' / / '0 8 / " = " / ' 8 ; 8 8 $ 8 +((, !D