❆❜❡❧ ❆♥❞r❡❡✱ ❇❛rr❡t♦ ❆❧❝á♥t❛r❛ ▼❛tr✐❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r✿ ✷✶✻✷✸✼✶✾ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❛♥❞ r♦♦ts ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦♥ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❧❛♥t s❝❛❧❡ ❚❤❡s✐s t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ▼✳❙❝✳ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✐♥ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ❛t t❤❡ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ●❡♦r❣✲❆✉❣✉st✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ●ött✐♥❣❡♥✱ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❙t✉❞② ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡✿ ❈r♦♣ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ◆✉t③♣✢❛♥③❡♥✇✐ss❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ✶✳ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥♥❡✲❑❛tr✐♥ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥ ✷✳ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❦ ❱❛rr❡❧♠❛♥♥ ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡✿ ✸✶✳ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✵✶✾ ❆❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭■❢❩✮ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✶ ■♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ✶ ✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❝r♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷ P❧❛♥t ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❝r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ r♦♦t r♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐❛❣♥♦s✐s ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❘♦♦t ❘♦t ✷✳✹ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✺ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❜② ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs ✳ ✳ ✷✳✻ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✻ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✸✳✶ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✶✳✶ P❧❛♥t ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❋✉♥❣❛❧ ❛❣❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▲❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝✲ q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❉✐s❡❛s❡ r❛t✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡✲❛❝q✉✐r✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❛✲ s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✹ ▲❡❛❢✲✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✺ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛❢✲ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✻ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✼ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷✳✽ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❢♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸ ❇❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❍❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❇❡❡t ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❇❡❡t✲✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸✳✹ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸✳✺ ■♥❞❡① ❢♦r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸✳✻ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✸✳✼ ◆♦♥✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✽ ✽ ✽ ✾ ✾ ✾ ✶✵ ✶✵ ✶✷ ✶✸ ✶✸ ✶✸ ✶✺ ✶✺ ✶✺ ✶✺ ✶✼ ✶✼ ✶✼ ✶✽ ✹ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✶✾ ✹✳✶ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ ♦♣t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ❛♥❞ s②♠♣t♦♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦♥ ❧❡❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ■■ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✹✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r❜❡❡t ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ r❡❢r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❧❡❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✶✳✹ ■♠♣♦rt❛♥t s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛✈❡s r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✶✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛✈❡s r❡❢r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦♣✲ ❡rt✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✷ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ s✉❣✲ ❛r❜❡❡t r♦♦ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t s❝♦r✐♥❣ ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❜❡❡ts ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✷✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r r♦♦ts ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ r♦♦ts r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✷✳✺ ❘❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ✹✳✷✳✻ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t s❝♦r✐♥❣ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✷✳✼ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ ❜❡❡t ❜r❡✐ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱■❙◆■❘ ❛♥❞ ❙❲■❘ r❡❣✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✺✳✵✳✶ ✺✳✵✳✷ ✺✳✵✳✸ ✺✳✵✳✹ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ❧❡❛❢ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❛♥❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❊❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❙✉✐t❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ❜② ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✼ ✸✼ ✹✶ ✹✶ ✹✸ ✹✹ ✹✺ ✹✼ ✹✽ ✹✾ ✺✶ ✺✶ ✺✶ ✺✷ ✺✸ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✺✺ ✼ ❆❜str❛❝t ✺✻ ✽ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✻✺ ❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ■■■ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✷✳✶ ✧❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✧ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r✲❜❡❡t ❝❛♥♦♣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐s✐✲ ❜❧❡✭❱■❙✮ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❛r✲✐♥❢r❛r❡❞✭◆■❘✮ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✶ ✸✳✷ ✸✳✸ ✸✳✹ ✸✳✺ ✸✳✻ ❚✐♠❡ ❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲s❝❛♥♥✐♥❣✲❞❛t❡s ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ▲♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✧❖❘✧ ❢♦r ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❉❛t❛ ♣r❡♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❢♦r P❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ Btsi✲✈❛❧✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✶ ✹✳✷ ✹✳✸ ✹✳✹ ✹✳✺ ✹✳✻ ✹✳✼ ✹✳✽ ✹✳✾ ✹✳✶✵ ❘❛t✐♥❣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛❜♦✈❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❧❡❛❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ■♥❞❡① ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛♥♦♣②✲♣✐①❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ■♥❞❡① ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦✉❜❧❡ ▼❛s❦ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✲♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❧❡❛❢✲❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❝✉❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ▲❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ❋✐rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ❇❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❢r♦♠ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ❇❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ❇❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t ✺✽✽ ♥♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t ✼✶✹ ♥♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t ✼✶✼ ♥♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ s❡✲ ❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ❚❤r❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❡r❝❡♥t ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ r❛t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ t❤r❡❡✲ ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉rt❤✲♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❧♦tt❡❞ ♣♦✐♥ts = ✷✻✵✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✲♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❜❡❡t✲❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❝✉❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✶✶ ✹✳✶✷ ✹✳✶✸ ✹✳✶✹ ✹✳✶✺ ✹✳✶✻ ✹✳✶✼ ✹✳✶✽ ✹✳✶✾ ✹✳✷✵ ✹✳✷✶ ✹✳✷✷ ✹✳✷✸ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✾ ✶✶ ✶✷ ✶✹ ✶✻ ✶✽ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✹✳✷✹ ✹✳✷✺ ✹✳✷✻ ✹✳✷✼ ✹✳✷✽ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❱■❙◆■❘✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ✳ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❱■❙◆■❘✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥♥❡r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❜❡❡t✲❜r❡✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶ ◗✉❛❧✐t② t❡st ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❘✳s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐s♦❧❛t❡✭❆● ✷✲✷■■■❇✮ ✐♥ ❛ P❉❆ ❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ✽✳✷ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✸ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ ✜rst✲ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✹ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✺ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ✐♥ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✻ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✽✻✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✼ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✽✾✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✽ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✷✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✾ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✺✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✵ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✽✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✶ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✽✵✵✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✷ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✽✵✸✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✸ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✽✵✻✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✹ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✺✽✽✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✺ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✶✹✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✻ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✶✼✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✼ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✺✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✽ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✾ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✵ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✶st✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❱ ✹✺ ✹✻ ✹✽ ✹✾ ✺✵ ✻✺ ✼✶ ✼✹ ✼✽ ✽✹ ✽✺ ✽✺ ✽✻ ✽✻ ✽✼ ✽✼ ✽✽ ✽✽ ✽✾ ✽✾ ✾✵ ✾✵ ✾✶ ✾✷ ✾✸ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✽✳✷✶ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✷♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✷ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✷♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✸ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✹✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✹ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✼✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✺ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✼✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✻ ■♥❞❡①✲✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❡t s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇s✐✮ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✼ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲s✉r❢❛❝❡✲t✐ss✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✾ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✸✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲✐♥♥❡r✲t✐ss✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✸✶ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♣✐①❡❧ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❢♦r s✉r✲ ❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❱■ ✾✹ ✾✺ ✾✻ ✾✼ ✾✽ ✾✾ ✶✵✵ ✶✵✶ ✶✵✸ ✶✵✹ ✶✵✻ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s ✸✳✶ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗ ❝❛♠❡r❛ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✶✵ ✽✳✶ ❙❝❛❧❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❘❘❈❘ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s②♠♣t♦♠s ♦♥ ❧❡❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷ ❙❝❛❧❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t s②♠♣t♦♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠ ♦❢ ✐♥❞❡①❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✐♥ ❱■❙✲ ❛♥❞ ◆■❘✲r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✹ ■♥❞❡①✲♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❝❛♥♦♣②✲ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✽✳✺ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❉❱■✲✱ ❖❙❆❱■✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦ t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❝❛♥♦♣②✲ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✻ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✼ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✽ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✾ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✵ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✶ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✷ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✸ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❱■■ ✻✺ ✻✻ ✻✼ ✻✽ ✻✾ ✼✵ ✼✷ ✼✸ ✼✺ ✼✻ ✼✼ ✼✾ ✽✵ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s ✽✳✶✹ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✺ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐t② t❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✻ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✜rst✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❜② t❤❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✼ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❜② t❤❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✽ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ♣✐①❡❧s ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✶✾ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ♣✐①❡❧s ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜✲ s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✵ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✲ ✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✳✷✶ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✉✲ ❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❱■■■ ✽✶ ✽✷ ✽✷ ✽✸ ✶✵✷ ✶✵✺ ✶✵✼ ✶✵✽ ✶ ■♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s AG✿ ❆♥❛st♦♠♦s✐s ❣r♦✉♣ Bsi✿ ❇❡❡t s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① Btsi✿ ❇❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① DV I ✿ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① HSI ✿ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ SV M ✿ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ SV I ✿ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① OSAV I ✿ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ s♦✐❧✲❛❞❥✉st❡❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① P CA✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s P DA✿ ♣♦t❛t♦ ❞❡①tr♦s❡ ❛❣❛r P P O✿ P♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ♦①✐❞❛s❡ P O✿ P❡r♦①✐❞❛s❡ ROI ✿ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st RRCR✿ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❝r♦✇♥ r♦t SW IR✿ ❙❤♦rt✲✇❛✈❡ ✐♥❢r❛r❡❞ V ISN IR✿ ❱✐s✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❛r✲✐♥❢r❛r❡❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✶ ✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❝r♦♣ ❚❤❡ s✉❣❛r✲❜❡❡t ❝r♦♣✱ ❇❡t❛ ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ▲✳ ss♣✳ ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ❤❛s ✐ts ♦r✐❣✐♥s ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥❝✐❡♥t ✈❛r✐❡t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❤✐r❡s ♦❢ ▼❡❞✐t❡rr❛♥❡❛♥ ❛s ❣❛r❞❡♥ ✈❡❣❡t❛❜❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❞❛t❡❞ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s t♦ ❜❡❡ts ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ t✇♦ ●r❡❡❦ ❝♦♠❡❞✐❡s ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✹✷✵ ❇❈✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❜❡❡ts ✇❡r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❣❛r❞❡♥ ♣❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❣r♦✇♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞❛r❦✲❝♦❧♦r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❧❡✲❝♦❧♦r❡❞ ❢♦r♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ ❛s ❛ s✉♣♣❧❡♠❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❞✐❡t ❜② t❤❡ ●r❡❡❦ ❛♥❞✱ ❧❛t❡r✱ t❤❡ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❝✐✈✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ❜❡❡ts ✇❡r❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ ❇❡t❛✱ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ●r❡❡❦ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧② ❡♥t❡r❡❞ t❤❡ s♣♦❦❡♥✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥✱ ▲❛t✐♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✐♥t❤ ❝❡♥t✉r②✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❜❡❡t ♣❛ss❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛r❡❛s ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❘♦♠❛♥s ✐♥t♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❝✐r❝❧❡s ♦❢ ◆♦rt❤❡r♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡✱ ❜❡❡t ✈❛r✐❡t✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ❡❞✐❜❧❡ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡♥❧❛r❣❡❞✱ s✇❡❡t✲t❛st✐♥❣ r♦♦t ✇❡r❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❙♣❛✐♥✳ ❇② t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜❢t❡❡♥t❤ ❝❡♥t✉r②✱ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t ❤❛❞ ❧✐❦❡❧② ❛❧r❡❛❞② s♣❡❛❞ ❛❝r♦ss ❊✉r♦♣❡✳ ▲❛t❡r ♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t❡❡♥t❤ ❝❡♥t✉r②✱ t♦♣s ❛♥❞ r♦♦ts ♦❢ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ✜❡❧❞✲❣r♦✇♥ ❜❡❡t ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❛s ❢♦❞❞❡r ❢♦r ❝❛tt❧❡ ✐♥ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❛♥❞ ✇❡r❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧② ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞✳ ■t ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❝r♦♣ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② r❡❝❡♥t ❝r♦♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ❚♦❞❛②✱ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❤❛s s♣r❡❛❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❧② t✇♦ ❝r♦♣s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ s✉❝r♦s❡ ✲ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ✇✐t❤ s✇❡❡t❡♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❛ ♠❛❥♦r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢✱ ♦r ❛❞❞✐t✐✈❡ t♦✱ ❛ ✈❛st r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❢♦♦❞s✱ ❜❡✈❡r❛❣❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❛r♠❛❝❡✉t✐❝❛❧s ❬✶❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❊❯✱ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ✐s t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ♠❛❥♦r ❛r❛❜❧❡ ❝r♦♣ ✭✶✳✸ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❤❛ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✺✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊❯ ✐s t❤❡ ❜✐❣❣❡st s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣r♦❞✉❝❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❬✷❪✳ ✷✳✷ P❧❛♥t ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❝r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ r♦♦t r♦t ■♥ t❤❡ ♥✐♥❡t❡❡♥t❤ ❝❡♥t✉r②✱ ❢❛r♠❡rs ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ ❛ st❡❛❞② ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ②✐❡❧❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❣r❡✇ t❤❡ ❝r♦♣ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞❧② ✐♥ ♥❛rr♦✇ r♦t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ r❛✐s❡❞ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦t❡❝t t❤❡ ❝r♦♣ ❛❣❛✐♥st ♣❡sts ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✳ ❇② t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❡♥t✉r②✱ ❢❛r♠❡rs ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ t❤❡ s✉❣❛r✲❜❡❡t ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ✇✐❞❡♥✐♥❣ r♦t❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t t❤❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ❢r♦♠ s♦♠❡ s♦✐❧ ♣❡sts s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❝②st ♥❡♠❛t♦❞❡✳ ◆❡✈✲ ❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ♦t❤❡r ♣❡sts ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ✉♥r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ②❡❛rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t s✉❣❛r ✐♥❞✉str②✱ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t t❤r❡❛t ❛s ❜❡❡t ♣r♦✲ ❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❡❞ ❬✶❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s✉❣❛r ❢❛❝t♦r②✱ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛②s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❇❡❡ts t❤❛t ❞♦ ♥♦t ♠❡❡t t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② st❛♥❞❛r❞s ✐♥❤✐❜✐t t❤❡ s✉❣❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐♠♣✉r✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❧❛ss❡s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ s✉❣❛r s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝r②st❛❧❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❬✸✱ ✹❪✳ ❘♦♦t r♦t ❞✐s❡❛s❡s ♦❢ ✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✷✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❛r❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❧✐♠✐t✐♥❣ ❢❛❝t♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤✲q✉❛❧✐t② ❜❡❡ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦ss❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❤❛r✈❡st❛❜❧❡ t♦♥♥❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ✇❤✐t❡ s✉❣❛r r❡❝♦✈❡r②✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❝❛✉s❡ ♣♦st✲❤❛r✈❡st ❧♦ss❡s ✐♥ st♦r❛❣❡ ♣✐❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❧❡✈❛♥t r♦♦t r♦t ❞✐s✲ ❡❛s❡s ❛r❡ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐✱ ❘✳ ❝r♦❝♦r✉♠✱ ❆♣❤❛♥♦♠②❝❡s ❝♦❝❤❧✐♦✐❞❡s✱ P❤♦♠❛ ❜❡t❛❡✱ ▼❛❝r♦♣❤♦♠✐♥❛ ♣❤❛❡s❡♦❧✐♥❛✱ ❋✉s❛r✐✉♠ ♦①②s♣♦r✉♠ ❢✳s♣✳ r❛❞✐❝✐s✲ ❜❡t❛❡✱ P②t❤✐✉♠ ❛♣❤❛♥✐❞❡r♠❛t✉♠✱ P❤②t♦♣❤t❤♦r❛ ❞r❡❝❤s❧❡r✐✱ ❘❤✐③♦♣✉s st♦❧♦♥✐❢❡r✱ ❘✳ ❛rr❤✐③✉s ❛♥❞ ❙❝❧❡r♦t✐✉♠ r♦❧❢s✐✐ ❬✺❪✳ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐s ❛ ❝❛s✉❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡ ❛s❡①✉❛❧ st❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❣✉s ❚❤❛♥❛t❡♣❤♦r✉s ❝✉❝✉♠❡r✐s✳ ❚❤✐s ❢✉♥❣✉s ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ s♦✐❧ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥t✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ s♦✐❧s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢❡❝t ♠❛♥② ♣❧❛♥t s♣❡❝✐❡s ❬✻✱ ✼❪✳ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ♥✐♥❡ str❛✐♥s✱ ♦r t②♣❡s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❆♥❛st♦♠♦s✐s ●r♦✉♣s ✭❆● t②♣❡s✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②♣❤❛❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝✉❧t✉r❡s t♦ ❢✉s❡✳ ❖♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ✐t ✐s ❆● ■❱✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ ❆● ✷✲✷ ✐♥tr❛s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❣r♦✉♣ ■■■❇✱ t❤❛t ❝❛✉s❡s t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❘♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❈r♦✇♥ ❘♦t ✭❘❘❈❘✮ ❬✻✱ ✽❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❛❜♦✈❡❣r♦✉♥❞ s②♠♣t♦♠ ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘ ✐s ✇✐❧t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞❡r✲❧❡❛✈❡s✲❢♦❧✐❛❣❡✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ ❜② ②❡❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢♦❧✐❛❣❡ ❞❡❛t❤✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s s❤♦✇ ❞❛r❦ ❜r♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❧❛❝❦ ❧❡s✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ r♦♦t t✐ss✉❡ ✐s ❞❛r❦ ❜r♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❧❛❝❦✳ ■♥ ❧❛t❡r st❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ❝❛♥❦❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝r❛❝❦s ♠❛② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❞❡❡♣ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ r♦♦t✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ❜r♦✇♥ ❢✉♥❣❛❧ ♠②❝❡❧✐✉♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r❛❝❦s✳ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❛tt❛❝❦ t❤❡ r♦♦t ✐♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❛r❡❛s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s s❧✐❣❤t❧② s✉♥❦❡♥ ❧❡s✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤ ♦r ✇✐t❤♦✉t s♠❛❧❧ ❝r❛❝❦s✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛r❣✐♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ t✐ss✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤✐s ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ✐s s❤❛r♣❧② ❞❡✜♥❡❞✳ ❲❤❡♥ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❢✉♥❣✐ ❛♥❞✴♦r ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ✐♥✈❛❞❡✱ t❤❡ r♦tt❡❞ r♦♦t t✐ss✉❡ ❝❛♥ t✉r♥ ❢r♦♠ ✜r♠ t♦ s♦❢t ❬✺✱ ✻❪✳ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐s ❛ ❢❛❝✉❧t❛t✐✈❡ ♣❛r❛s✐t❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡q✉✐r❡ ❛ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ❤♦st t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ❝❛✉s❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ s✉r✈✐✈❡ ♦♥ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ts ♦r ❛s ❛ s❛♣r♦♣❤②t❡ ♦♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❞❡❜r✐s✳ ❲✐t❤ ❛❣❡✱ ❞❛r❦ ❜r♦✇♥ t❤✐❝❦✲✇❛❧❧❡❞✱ ❜❛rr❡❧✲s❤❛♣❡❞ ❤②♣❤❛❧ ❝❡❧❧s ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡ t♦ ❢♦r♠ ❞r②✱ ❤❛r❞✱ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ s❝❧❡r♦t✐❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✇❤❡♥ s♦✐❧ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s r❡❛❝❤ ✷✺ t♦ ✸✸ ◦ ❈✱ ✇❤❡♥ s♦✐❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ♣♦♦r✱ ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧ ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ✐s ❤✐❣❤✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡ts ✐s ❛❧s♦ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❜② ❝r♦♣ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❤♦st✲♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘✱ s♦♠❡ ❢✉♥❣✐❝✐❞❡s ❛r❡ r❡❣✐st❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯❙❆✱ ❡✳❣✳ ❛③♦①②str♦❜✐♥ ✭◗✉❛❞r✐s✮✱ ❛ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ t❤❛t ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♣r✐♦r t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝r♦✇♥ ❛r❡❛✱ ♣❡♥t❤✐♦♣②r❛❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♣♦❝♦♥❛③♦❧❡❛ ❬✻✱ ✾❪❀ ✐♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❯✱ ♥♦ ❢✉♥❣✐❝✐❞❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡❣✐st❡r❡❞ ②❡t ❢♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❢✉♥❣✉s ❬✶✵❪✳ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐❛❣♥♦s✐s ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❜② tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❜✉t ♣❛rt✐❝✲ ✉❧❛r❧② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛ss❛② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s✐s r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ❬✶✶✱ ✶✷❪❀ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐s ✐s♦❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛rts s✉❝❤ ❛s r♦♦ts ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡ts✱ ♦r ❢r♦♠ s♦✐❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❆❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✱ t❤❡ ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s✐s ❣r♦✉♣ ✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦r ✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ✐s♦❧❛t❡s ✭st❛♥❞❛r❞s✮✳ ■♥ s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✷✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❆●✲❣r♦✉♣s✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❡ str❛✐♥s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❆● ✷✲✷ ❣r♦✉♣ ❬✶✸❪✱ ✇❤❡r❡ s♦♠❡ s✉❜❣r♦✉♣s ❛r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ♥♦♥✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥✐❝ ❢♦r s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❬✸❪ ✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞✱ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❛❜♦✈❡❣r♦✉♥❞ s②♠♣t♦♠s ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘ ❛r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❬✶✹❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ s②♠♣✲ t♦♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❛r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t ✉♥t✐❧ ❧❛t❡ s✉♠♠❡r ♦r ❡❛r❧② ❛✉t✉♠♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❣r♦✇❡rs ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t ❜❡❡ts ❛r❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❤❛r✈❡st❡❞ ❬✾❪✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ❢❛t✐❣✉❡✱ ❜✐❛s✱ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡rr♦r✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ✈✐s✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❛t❡rs✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ tr♦✉❜❧❡s♦♠❡ ❬✶✹❪✳ ❚♦ ❞❛t❡✱ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♥♦s✐♥❣✱ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ❆●✷✲ ✷■■■❇✳ ■s♦❡♥③②♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❛ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡s t❤❡ ✷✲✷■■■❇ s✉❜❣r♦✉♣ ❬✼✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ r❉◆❆ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ■❚❙ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❆♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐❝ ❉◆❆ ✭❘❆P❉✮✱ ❜♦t❤ P❈❘ ❛ss❛②s✱ ✇❡r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛s s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✲✷■■■❇ s✉❜❣r♦✉♣ ❬✶✵✱ ✶✸❪✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛r❡ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡✱ t❤❡✐r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛♥ ❡❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❡❧❡✈❛t❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦sts ✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤✐s✱ ❛ss❛②s ❛r❡ ❞❡str✉❝✲ t✐✈❡✱ t❤❡② r❡q✉✐r❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ t✐♠❡✲❝♦♥s✉♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛❦❡s ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦t s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ❬✶✺❪✳ ✷✳✹ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❆ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ✐s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✭❍❙■✮✳ ❍❙■ ✐s ❛ ②♦✉♥❣ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥♦♥✲✐♥✈❛s✐✈❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ②❡❛rs ❤❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣② ❬✶✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❍❙■ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❧✐❣❤t✱ ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❡❞ ❧✐❣❤t✱ t❤❛t r❡❛❝❤❡s t❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s❡♥s♦r ❛♥❞ ✐s st♦r❡❞ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❤❛s ❛ ❤✐❣❤ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✉♣ t♦ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛✈❡❧❡♥❣t❤ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡♥s♦r✳ ▼❛♥② ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✭✹✵✵✲✼✵✵ ♥♠✱ ❱■❙✮ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡ ♥❡❛r✲✐♥❢r❛r❡❞ ✇❛✈❡❧❡♥❣t❤ ✭✼✵✵✲✶✵✵✵ ♥♠✱ ◆■❘✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛s ❱■❙◆■❘ s❡♥s♦rs ❬✶✺✱ ✶✼❪✳ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♦r r❡✢❡❝t❡❞ ❧✐❣❤t t❛❦❡♥ ❜② ❱■❙◆■❘ s❡♥s♦rs ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛✈❡❧❡♥❣t❤ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❝✉r✈❡✧ ♦r ✧s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✧ ❬✶✽❪ ✳ ■♥ ❛ ❝r♦♣✱ ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s✿ t❤❡ s❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❧✐❣❤t ❛s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❛♥t ❡♥❡r❣② ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❧❡❛❢ ❝❤❡♠✐str②❀ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❛❢ ❝❛♥ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❜✐♦♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✲ ✐❝❛❧ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ♦❢ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❬✶✽❪✳ ❱■❙ ❛♥❞ ◆■❘ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛r❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❜② t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝❛♥♦♣② ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞✱ ❱■❙✲▲❡❛❢✲❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✈✐❜r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ r♦t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❧❛♥t ♣✐❣♠❡♥ts s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧✱ ❝❛r♦t❡♥♦✐❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥t❤♦❝②❛♥✐♥s✳ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ r❡✢❡❝ts s♣❡❝✲ tr❛ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❣r❡❡♥ ✇❛✈❡❧❡♥❣t❤ ✭✺✻✵ ♥♠✱ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✮✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❧❡❛✈❡s ✐ts ✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✷✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ❝♦❧♦r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ◆■❘✲❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❜② ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❧❡❛❢ str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ t❤✐♥ ❡♣✐❞❡r♠❛❧ ❧❛②❡r✱ ❧♦♥❣ ♣❛❧✐s❛❞❡ ❝❡❧❧s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❛✐r s♣❛❝❡s s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ s♣♦♥❣② ♠❡s♦♣❤②❧❧ ❝❡❧❧s ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❤✐❣❤❡r ◆■❘✲❧❡❛❢✲ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❬✶✺✱ ✶✾❪✳ Reflectance Plant pigments Internal leaf structures Chlorophyll 400 500 600 700 VIS 800 900 1000nm NIR UV IR Increasing Wavelength (γ) ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✿ ✧❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✧ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r✲❜❡❡t ❝❛♥♦♣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐s✐✲ ❜❧❡✭❱■❙✮ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❛r✲✐♥❢r❛r❡❞✭◆■❘✮ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ s♣❡❝tr✉♠✳ ❱■❙✲ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✭✹✵✵✲✼✵✵ ♥♠✮✱ ◆■❘✲r❡❣✐♦♥ ✭✼✵✵✲✶✵✵✵ ♥♠✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ❛❢t❡r ✐♥❢❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥✲ t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ r❡❞✲❡❞❣❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✭✻✾✵✲✼✺✵ ♥♠✮ s❤♦✇s ❛ s❤❛r♣ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣❧❛♥ts✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ str♦♥❣ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❜② ❧❡❛❢ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ r❛♥❣❡ t♦ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆■❘✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ ✐♥ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ s❧♦♣❡ ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ t♦ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t✳ ❋✉♥❣❛❧ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❝✉r✈❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ t②♣❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❛② ♦❢ ♥✉tr✐t✐♦♥ ✭❜✐♦tr♦♣❤✐❝✱ ❤❡♠✐✲❜✐♦tr♦♣❤✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❝r♦tr♦♣❤✐❝✮✱ ❣r♦✇t❤ t②♣❡✱ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t❛❧ st❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s✲ ❡❛s❡ s❡✈❡r✐t②✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡s s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❬✶✺✱ ✶✾❪✳ ❚♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs ❛s ❛ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r ♣❧❛♥t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ s♦♠❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♠✉st ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡r✲ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ▼♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ❢♦r t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣♦s✉r❡ ♦r ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ t❤❡ s❝❛❧❡ ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❚♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐❝ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ✉s❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ ❧❡❛❢✱ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❧❛♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥♦♣② s❝❛❧❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r s❡♥s♦r s②st❡♠ ✐s ❛❧s♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✺ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✷✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛ q✉✐❝❦ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ✉♥❞❡r ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✱ ❣r❡❡♥❤♦✉s❡ ♦r ✜❡❧❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❬✶✺✱ ✶✼❪✳ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡s❡ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❢♦r ❛ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r ❧❛❜ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ❛ s❡♥s♦r ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣✉s❤ ❜r♦♦♠ s❝❛♥♥✐♥❣ s②st❡♠✱ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❛❢ ♦r s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❧❛♥t s❝❛❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛tt❛❝❤ t❤❡ s❡♥s♦r t♦ ❛ ❤❛♥❞✲❤❡❧❞ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t ❤❡❛❧t❤ ♦r ✈✐t❛❧✐t②✱ ②✐❡❧❞✱ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t s✉♣♣❧② ♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ❜② ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s ✇❡r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡①❡s ✭❙❱■s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❙❱■s ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❬✶✽✱✷✵❪✳ ❚♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② r❡❧✲ ❡✈❛♥t ❜❛♥❞s ❢♦r ❛ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ✉♥s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭P❈❆✮ ❛♥❞ ❙✐♠♣❧❡① ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❙✐❱▼✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❣❡t ❛ ❧♦✇❡r✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❛t❛s❡t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❧♦ss ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t ❞✐s✲ ❡❛s❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❧♦s✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❛ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❆♥❣❧❡ ▼❛♣♣❡r ✭❙❆▼✮✱ P❛rt✐❛❧✲▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✭P▲❙❘✮ ❛♥❞ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✭❙❱▼✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ❜❛♥❞s✱ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ❢r♦♠ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❬✶✺❪✳ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❙❱■s ❝❛♥ ❞❡t❡❝t ❞✐s❡❛s❡s ❡❛r❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝✲ t✐♦♥ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡s❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❜② ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ s✉♣♣♦rt ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❝r♦♣ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ❜r❡❡❞✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❤❡♥♦t②♣✐♥❣ ❬✶✽✱ ✷✶❪✳ ✷✳✺ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❜② ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r st✉❞✐❡s t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ❘❘❈❘ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ✉♥❞❡r ❣r❡❡♥❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ✜❡❧❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❬✷✵✱ ✷✷✕✷✹❪✳ ❯♥❞❡r ❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❛♥❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ✹✵✵ t♦ ✶✵✵✵ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✷✳✽ ♥♠ ✇❡r❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❛♥♦♣② s❝❛❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✾ ✇❡❡❦s t✇✐❝❡ ♣❡r ✇❡❡❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧❡❛❢✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■♥t❡r❡st ✭❘❖■✮ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ s♦✐❧✲❡①❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘❖■ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧✲♣✐①❡❧s ❘❖■ ❤❛❞ t❤❡ ✇❡❛❦❡st ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✐① ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❙❱■s✿ ▲✐❝❤t❡♥t❤❛❧❡r ✐♥❞❡① ■ ✭▲✐❝✶✮✱ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ❙♦✐❧✲❆❞❥✉st❡❞ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡① ✭❖❙❆❱■✮✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❆❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ■♥✲ ❞❡① ✭♠❈❆■✮✱ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ■♥❞❡① ✭◆❉■✮✱ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❘❛t✐♦ P✐❣♠❡♥t ■♥❞❡① ✭❙❘P■✮ ❛♥❞ P❤♦t♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ■♥❞❡① ✭P❘■✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧❡❛❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❘❘❈❘✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❞❛t❛ s❤♦✇❡❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❝♦r✲ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦♠❛ss ♦❢ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡ts✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❛❢✲♣✐❣♠❡♥t ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐❝t♦r②✳ ❊❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘ ✇❛s ♥♦t ♣❡r✲ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥ ❞❡t❛✐❧ t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ❜② t❤❡ ❙✉❣❛r❜❡❡t✲❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❬✷✷❪✳ ❯♥❞❡r ✜❡❧❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ♥♦♥✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ st✉❞② ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ♦♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ❲✐t❤ ❛ ♥♦♥✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s❡♥✲ s♦r✱ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧✲❝♦♥t❡♥t ❙❱■s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❖❙❆❱■✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❛t✐♦ ✭♠❙❘✮ ❛♥❞ P✐❣♠❡♥t ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❘❛t✐♦s ❢♦r ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛ ✭P❙❙❘❛✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ♦t❤❡r ✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✷✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙❱■s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✇❛t❡r ❝♦♥t❡♥t✱ ✇❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ r❡♠♦t❡❧② ✉♥t✐❧ s✉❣❛r❜❡❡t r♦♦ts ❛r❡ ✷✺ t♦ ✺✵✪ r♦tt❡❞ ❬✷✸❪✳ ❲✐t❤ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s❡♥s♦rs ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ s❝❛❧❡✱ ✐t ✇❛s r❡♣♦rt❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛❧ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ♦❢t❡♥ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ♠✐①❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ st✉❞② r❡❝✲ ♦♠♠❡♥❞s ♥♦t ✉s✐♥❣ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❱■s t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ❧♦ss ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s❡❣♠❡♥ts ♦❢ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❘❘❈❘ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬✷✵❪✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r s✐♠✐❧❛r st✉❞✐❡s✱ ❜✉t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s❡♥s♦r✱ ✐t ✇❛s r❡♣♦rt❡❞ t❤❛t ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ ✇❛✈❡❧❡♥❣t❤s ❛r❡ ❛ss♦✲ ❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❘❘❈❘ ✐♥❢❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭✺✽✷✲✻✵✷ ♥♠✱ ✻✶✺✲✻✸✹ ♥♠✱ ✻✻✸✲✻✻✺ ♥♠✱ ❛♥❞ ✻✼✾✲✻✾✾ ♥♠✮ ❬✷✺❪✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛ st✉❞② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❙❆❱■ ✐♥❞❡① r❡❛✣r♠❡❞ t❤❛t ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘ ♦❝❝✉rs t♦♦ ❧❛t❡ ❢♦r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡♠❡❞✐❛❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ❬✷✹❪✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❡❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠✉❧t✐s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝✲ tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ s❝❛❧❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❛r❡❛s ✇✐t❤ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❤✐❣❤ ❘✳ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ❢♦r ❢✉t✉r❡ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ s❡❛s♦♥s✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❛❧❧♦✇s ❣r♦✇❡rs t♦ ♣❧❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❬✷✵✱ ✷✸✱ ✷✹❪✳ ✷✳✻ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥ s✉❣❛r❜❡❡ts✱ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❱■❙◆■❘✲❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❧❛♥t s❝❛❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t st✉❞② ✇❛s t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ s✉❣❛r❜❡❡t✲❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❝r♦✇♥ r♦t ❞✐s❡❛s❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ❞❡♥s✐t② ❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ❢❛❝t♦r ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✇❡r❡✿ • ❉❡✜♥❡ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❱■❙◆■❘ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♣❧❛♥ts ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❝r♦✇♥ r♦t • ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❧♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ♦♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ • ❊✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❡❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ • ❊✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✼ ✸ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✸✳✶ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✸✳✶✳✶ P❧❛♥t ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ✈❛r✐❡t② ❙❛❜r✐♥❛ ✭s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❘❘❈❘✱ ❑❲❙ ●♠❜❍✱ ❊✐♥❜❡❝❦✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✮ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❇❡t❛ ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ▲✳ ss♣✳ ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ s❡❡❞s ✇❡r❡ tr❡❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✷ ✐♥s❡❝t✐❝✐❞❡s✱ ❚❤✐❛♠❡t❤♦①❛♠ ✻✵ ❣✴❯ ✭✶✵✵✳✵✵✵ s❡❡❞s✮ ❛♥❞ ❚❡✢✉t❤r✐♥ ✭✽ ❣✴❯✮ ❜② ♣❡❧❧❡t✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ s❡❡❞s ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t tr❡❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢✉♥❣✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❋♦r ♣❧❛♥t✐♥❣✱ ✺✵ sq✉❛r❡ ♣♦ts ✭✼ × ✼ × ✶✽ ❝♠✮ ✜❧❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠✐①t✉r❡ ♦❢ s❛♥❞② ✜❡❧❞ s♦✐❧ ✭∼ ✶✪ ❝❛r❜♦♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✮✱ ❝♦❛rs❡ r✐✈❡r s❛♥❞ ✭✸✿ ✶ ✇✴✇✱ ♣❍ ✻✳✾✮ ❛♥❞ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❡r ❬✷✻❪ ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ t✇♦ s❡❡❞s ♣❡r ♣♦t ✇❡r❡ s♦✇♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ✐♥t♦ ✐t✳ ❚❡♥ ❞❛②s ❛❢t❡r ♣❧❛♥t✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t ❞❡♥s✐t② ✇❛s r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ✶ ♣❡r ♣♦t ❜② s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ♠♦st ✈✐❣♦r♦✉s s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣s✴②♦✉♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ ✇❛t❡r❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r ♥❡❡❞✳ P❧❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ✇❡❡❦s ❛❢t❡r ♦❢ s♦✇✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ✺✵ ♠❧ ♦❢ ❛ ✷ ✪ ◆P❑ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❡r ✭✼ ✰ ✺ ✰ ✻✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧❞✉❡♥❣❡r✱ ❊❉❊❑❆ ❆●✱ ❍❛♠❜✉r❣✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✮✱ ❛❢t❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❡✈❡r② ✷ ✇❡❡❦s✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t st❛❣❡s ✭❇❇❈❍ ✵✲✶✽✮ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❣r❡❡♥❤♦✉s❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✸✾✵ µmol.s−1 .m−2 ❢♦r ✶✷ ❤ ❛ ❞❛② ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛②✳ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❋✉♥❣❛❧ ❛❣❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ✇❛s ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❛❣❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ✐s♦❧❛t❡ ♦❢ ❘✳s♦❧❛♥✐✱ ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s✐s ❣r♦✉♣ ❆● ✷✲✷■■■❇ ✭■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✲■❢❩✱ ●♦❡tt✐♥❣❡♥✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s♦❧❛t❡ ✇❛s ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧② ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❧♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♦♥ P♦t❛t♦ ❉❡①tr♦s❡ ❆❣❛r ✭P❉❆✮ ❛t ✲✽✵◦ ❈✳ ❚♦ ❛❝t✐✈❛t❡ ✐t✱ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✐s♦❧❛t❡ ✇❛s ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❡tr✐ ❞✐s❤ ✇✐t❤ P❉❆✱ ❛♥❞ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ✐t ✇❛s st♦r❡❞ ❛t ✷✵◦ ❈ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛r❦ ❢♦r ✶✵ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✐♥❢❡st✐♥❣ ❜❛r❧❡② ❣r❛✐♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ✇❛s ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ s♦❧✐❞ s✉❜str❛t❡ ✭❇❛r❧❡② ❣r❛✐♥s✮ ✇❛s s♦❛❦❡❞ ❢♦r ✷✹❤ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t♦❝❧❛✈❡❞ ✭✶✷✶◦ ❈ ❢♦r ✷✵ ♠✐♥✮✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❣❛r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✶✵✲❞❛②✲♦❧❞ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✇❛s ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✺✵✵ ♠❧ ✢❛s❦ ✇✐t❤ ✷✵✵ ❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❡r✐❧✐③❡❞ ❣r❛✐♥s✳ ❚❤✐s s②st❡♠ ✇❛s ✐♥❝✉❜❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ✷ ✇❡❡❦s ❛t ✷✵◦ ❈ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛r❦✳ ■t ✇❛s s❤❛❦❡♥ ❡✈❡r② ✷ ❞❛②s t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐①❡❞ s✉❜str❛t❡✳ ❆❢t❡r ✐♥❝✉❜❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ✇❛s ❛✐r✲❞r✐❡❞✳ ❚♦ ♣r♦✈❡ ✐ts ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✱ t✇♦ t❡sts ✇❡r❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❡❞✿ ✭✶✮ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② t❡st✱ ❜② ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ✶✵ ❣r❛✐♥s ✐♥ ❛ ♣❡tr✐ ❞✐s❤ ✇✐t❤ P❉❆ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✮❀ ✭✷✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥✐❝✐t② t❡st✱ ❜② ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❣r❛✐♥s ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡ts ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ✇❛s st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❛r❦♥❡ss ❛t r♦♦♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ✉♥t✐❧ ♣❧❛♥t ✐♥❢❡st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t✲✇❡❡❦✲♦❧❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ✭❇❇❈❍ ✶✽✮ ✇❡r❡ ❛rr❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✿ ❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧✱ ❧♦✇✲✱ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ ❡❛❝❤ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✶✺ ♣❧❛♥ts✱ ♣♦ts ♦r r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ✧❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✧ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ✐♥❢❡st❡❞ ❜❛r❧❡② ❣r❛✐♥s ✇❡r❡ ✜rst ❝✉t ✐♥ ❤❛❧❢✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣♦t✱ ❢♦✉r ❤♦❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ♦❢ ✷ ❝♠ ✇❡r❡ ♠❛❞❡ ✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t❛♣r♦♦t ❜② r❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ s♦✐❧✳ ◆❡①t✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛❧❢✲❣r❛✐♥ ✇❛s ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❤♦❧❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s r❡✲❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s♦✐❧✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ✧❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✧ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✇❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥❢❡st❡❞ ❜❛r❧❡② ❣r❛✐♥s ✇❡r❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✇❤♦❧❡✱ t❤❡r❡❜② ❞♦✉❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s tr❡❛t♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ❝❛s❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❢✉♥❣✐ ✐♥ ❤♦st ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t t❛❦❡ ♣❧❛❝❡✱ ✷ ❛♥❞ ✸ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢♦✉r✲❤❛❧❢ ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉r✲❡♥t✐r❡ ❣r❛✐♥s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✺✵ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❣r❡❡♥❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ❦❡♣t ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✿ ✷✹◦ ❈ ✭❞❛②✮✴✶✽◦ ❈ ✭♥✐❣❤t✮✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✸✾✵ µ♠♦❧ s−1 ♠−2 ❢♦r ✶✷ ❤ ❛ ❞❛②✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛❞❥✉st❡❞ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❤✉♠✐❞✐t② ♦❢ ✼✵ t♦ ✽✵ ✪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❣r❡❡♥❤♦✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ♦r❞❡r❡❞ r❛♥❞♦♠❧②✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❥✉st❡❞ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❤✉♠✐❞✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✐r ✇❡r❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❡❛❝❤ ❤♦✉r ✉♥t✐❧ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✳ ✸✳✷ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✸✳✷✳✶ ▲❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ▲❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✇❛s r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦r ❡✐❣❤t t✐♠❡s ✐♥ t♦t❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t st❛rt❡❞ ♦♥❡ ❞❛② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❞❜✐✮✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r s❝❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤r❡❡ t✐♠❡s ♣❡r ✇❡❡❦ st❛rt✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❞❛②s ❛❢t❡r ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❞❛✐✮ t♦ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✶✮✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✶✿ ❚✐♠❡ ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ s♦✇✐♥❣✲ ✱ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✲ ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲s❝❛♥♥✐♥❣✲❞❛t❡s ✸✳✷✳✷ ❉✐s❡❛s❡ r❛t✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✱ ❛❜♦✈❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❧❡❛❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘ ✇❛s r❛t❡❞ ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❧❡❛❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s s✉❝❤ ❛s ✇✐❧t✐♥❣✱ ②❡❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♦r ♥❡❝r♦s✐s ♦♥ ❛ s❝❛❧❡ ❢r♦♠ ✵ ✭♣❧❛♥t ❤❡❛❧t❤②✱ ♥♦ s②♠♣t♦♠s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s✮ t♦ ✻ ✭♣❧❛♥t ❞❡❛❞✱ ❧❡❛❢ ❜r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❝r♦t✐❝✱ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✮✳ ✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✳✶✿ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗ ❝❛♠❡r❛ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❱❛❧✉❡ ❉❛t❛ ❢♦r♠❛t ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ✇✐t❤ ❊◆❱■ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ❞❛t❛ ✜❧❡s ❉❛t❛ ♦✉t♣✉t ✶✷ ❜✐t ❋✐❡❧❞ ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ✸✶◦ × ✸✶◦ ❋✐❡❧❞ ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❛t ✶ ♠ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✵✳✺✺ × ✵✳✺✺ ♠ ❲❛✈❡❧❡♥❣t❤ r❛♥❣❡ ✹✵✵ ✲ ✶✵✵✵ ♥♠ ■♠❛❣❡ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✺✶✷ × ✺✶✷ ♣① ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✼ ♥♠ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❜❛♥❞s ✷✵✹ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥s t✐♠❡ ✷✶✵ ♠s ✸✳✷✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡✲❛❝q✉✐r✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❚❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤❛♥❞✲❤❡❧❞ ❱■❙◆■❘ s❡♥s♦r ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗ ❢r♦♠ ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ✭❖✉❧✉✱ ❋✐♥❧❛♥❞✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✉s❤ ❜r♦♦♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✭❧✐♥❡ s❝❛♥♥✐♥❣✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❛r❡ ❞❡✲ s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✳✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ✇❛s s❡t ✉♣ ✐♥ ❛ ❞❛r❦ r♦♦♠ ❛♥❞ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✷✳ ❚❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡s t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❛♠❡r❛✱ ❛ ❧✐❣❤t ♠♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t✇♦ ❤❛❧♦❣❡♥ ❧❛♠♣s ✭P❖❲▲■✵✶✵✱ ❱❆❘❖✱ ❇❡❧❣✐✉♠✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜❧✉❡✲❝♦❧♦r❡❞✲♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ t♦ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t✲s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✭s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ♣♦t✮ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐t❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭✾✾✪ ❜❛r✐✉♠ s✉❧❢❛t❡✱ ❙♣❡❝✐♠✱ ❋✐♥❧❛♥❞✮ ✇❡r❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞✳ ✸✳✷✳✹ ▲❡❛❢✲✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❘❛✇ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗ ❙t✉❞✐♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗✱ ❙♣❡❝✐♠✱ ❋✐♥❧❛♥❞✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛♠❡r❛✳ ❋♦r r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛✲ t✐♦♥ ✭♦r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✮✱ t❤❡ ❘❛✇ ❉❛t❛❝✉❜❡ ✭❘❉✮✱ ❉❛r❦ ❋r❛♠❡ ✭❉❋✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❲❘✮ ✇❡r❡ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s t❤❡♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡✿ Rλ = RD − DF W R − DF ✭✸✳✶✮ ◆♦✐s② ❇❛♥❞ ❘❡♠♦✈❛❧ Pr✐♦r t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♥♦✐s② r❡❣✐♦♥s✱ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❢r♦♠ ✹✵✵ t♦ ✹✺✵ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ✾✺✵ t♦ ✶✵✵✵ ♥♠ ✇❡r❡ r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❘❙t✉❞✐♦ ✭❘❙t✉❞✐♦ ❚❡❛♠✱ ❇♦st♦♥✱ ▼❆✱ ❯❙❆✮✱ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ✧❝❛t♦♦❧s✧ ❬✷✼❪✳ ❙❛✈✐t③❦②✲●♦❧❛② ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❚♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♥♦✐s❡s✱ t❤❡ ❙❛✈✐t③❦②✲●♦❧❛② ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❬✷✽❪ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ✧s✐❣♥❛❧✧ ❬✷✾❪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘❙t✉❞✐♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✜❧t❡r ❤❛❞ ❛♥ ♦r❞❡r ✶✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✷✿ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s②st❡♠✳ ✶✮ ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗ ❝❛♠❡r❛✱ ✷✮ ❤❛❧♦❣❡♥ ❧❛♠♣s✱ ✸✮t✐❧t ❛♥❣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡♥s✿ ∡ ✷✷◦ ✱ ✹✮ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❧❡♥s✲♣♦t✿ ✾✺ ❝♠✱ ✺✮✇❤✐t❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ✻✮❜❧✉❡✲❝♦❧♦r❡❞ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✳ ♦❢ ✸ ✭♣ ❂ ✸✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ✸✶ ✭♥ ❂ ✸✶✮ ❬✸✵❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ s♠♦♦t❤❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ s❛✈❡❞ ❛s ❛ ✜❧❡✳ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❆s ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣❧❛♥ts✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t ♣❧❛♥t ❝❛♥♦♣✐❡s ✇✐t❤ s②♠♣t♦♠s ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘✱ ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ✇❡r❡ t❡st❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✱ ❛ s❛♠♣❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❡st ✐♥❞❡①❡s ✇❡r❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧❧② s❡❧❡❝t❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣❡r❢♦r✲ ♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❝❧❛ss✐❢②✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ✇❛s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧②✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ✇❛s ❞r❛✇♥ s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❡st ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❢♦r ♣❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡①t st❡♣✳ ❉♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❆ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ✇❛s ❝r❡❛t❡❞✳ ❇♦t❤ ♠❛s❦s ✇❡r❡ ♠❡r❣❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r ✧❖❘✧ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✸✮✳ ❚♦ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♣❡r✲ ❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦ ♦r ♣r✐♠❛r② ♠❛s❦✱ ✶✵ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ t❡st❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ st❡♣ ❜❡❢♦r❡✮✳ ✶✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✸✿ ▲♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✧❖❘✧ ❢♦r ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦✐♥❣✳ ▼❛s❦ ✶✿ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❢♦r ♣❧❛♥t s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❀ ♠❛s❦ ✷✿ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❢♦r ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ s❡❣✲ ♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❊r♦s✐♦♥ ❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ♥❡❛r t♦ ❧❡❛❢ ❡❞❣❡s ✇✐t❤ ♠✐①❡❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡ ❞❛t❛ ✇❡r❡ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♠♦r♣❤♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧❊r♦s✐♦♥✧ ❬✸✶❪✳ ❚❤❡ str✉❝t✉r✐♥❣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♠❛tr✐① ✭3 × 3✮✿ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ❲✐t❤ t❤✐s ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ♠❛s❦ t❤❛t ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ❡✐❣❤t ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦rs ✇❡r❡ ❡①❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡ ♠❛s❦ ✭✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛s❦✮✳ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❱❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✶ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛s❦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣✐①❡❧✱ ❛♥❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r t❤❡② ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✭❘❖■✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❜❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❘❖■ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛✈✐t③❦②✲●♦❧❛② ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣✳ ✸✳✷✳✺ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ ❧❡❛❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r✲ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② ❢♦r r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✱ ✜rst✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✶✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❛t❛ ✭❘✱ ❘✬ ❛♥❞ ❘✑✮✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ t❤❡ ♦❜✲ s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ s❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✇❡r❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ❢♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇✴❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠✳ ❆t t❤✐s st❛❣❡✱ ■♥ t♦t❛❧✱ ✷✹ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ✭✽ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✱ ✸ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✿ ❘✱ ❘✬✱ ❘✑✮ ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❧♦ts ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝♦♦r❞✐✲ ♥❛t❡s s②st❡♠ ✇❡r❡ s❛✈❡❞ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ✇❡r❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ✸✳✷✳✻ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❋♦✉r st❡♣s ✇❡r❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❜❛♥❞s✳ ❋✐rst✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❛t s②♠♣✲ t♦♠s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱ t❤❡ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❧♦ts ♦❢ P❈❆ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❛st t♦ ✜rst ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ✭❢r♦♠ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ t♦ ✶ ❞❜✐✮✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛✈❡❞ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❧♦ts ♣❡r ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ❣r♦✉♣s ✇❡r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤✐r❞✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✱ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✾ ♦r ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤✐s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✇❡r❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s ✇❡r❡ ✜❧t❡r❡❞ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✸✳✹✮✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✇❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ❢♦r ❘✱ ❘✬ ❛♥❞ ❘✑✳ ✸✳✷✳✼ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❆❧❧ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇❡r❡ t❡st❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝②✳ ❚♦ ❞♦ t❤✐s✱ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ❢♦r ♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❙❤❛♣✐r♦ t❡st ✭p < 0.05✮✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❜❛♥❞s ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✧P❡❛rs♦♥✧ ❛♥❞ ✧❑❡♥❞❛❧❧✑ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✭p < 0.05✮✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✇❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ❢♦r ❘✱ ❘✬ ❛♥❞ ❘✑✳ ✸✳✷✳✽ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❢♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❉❛t❛ ♣r❡♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ s②♠♣✲ t♦♠s ♦❢ ❘❘❈❘ ✇❡r❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ✭✶✵ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✷✺ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ❧❛st t✇♦ ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✮ ✇❛s ❧✐♠✐t❡❞✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✶✹ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ ✇❡r❡ ♠❡r❣❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✭✼✺ ✐♠❛❣❡s✮✱ t❤✐s ♥✉♠❜❡r ✇❛s st✐❧❧ ✐♥s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ r♦❜✉st ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❘❖■✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✇❛s s♣❧✐t ❜② ♣✐①❡❧ ✐♥t♦ ✶✵ s✉❜s❡ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❡❛❝❤ s✉❜s❡t ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ■♥ t♦t❛❧✱ ✷✵✵ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ✷✵ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✶✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✹✿ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✶✮ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✷✮ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✸✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✭⑤r⑤ ≧ ✵✳✾✮✱ ✹✮ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✲ s✐st❡♥t ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ ❜✉t t❤✐s t✐♠❡ ✷✵✵ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✺✵ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✲ s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛s ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♠❛tr✐①✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞s✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✇❛s ✹✵✵ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ♦r t❛r❣❡t ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ ❧❛❜❡❧s ✧❈♦♥tr♦❧✧ ❛♥❞ ✧■♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✧ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚♦ r❡s♣❡❝t t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❘✱ ❘ ✬❛♥❞ ❘ ✧✱ t✇♦ ♥❡✇ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♦❢ ♠❛tr✐① ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ❉❛t❛ s❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❚❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ r❛♥❞♦♠❧② str❛t✐✜❡❞✱ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♥❣ ✻✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ✭✷✹✵ ♦❜s❡r✲ ✈❛t✐♦♥s✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ✧❝❛r❡t✧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘❙t✉❞✐♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❡ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✭❙❱▼✮ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡r✱ ❬✸✷❪✳ ❚✇♦ ❦❡r♥❡❧s ✇❡r❡ t❡st❡❞ ❛t t❤✐s st❛❣❡✿ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✇❛s r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ❝r♦ss✲✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ✭✸ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✵✲❢♦❧❞ ❝r♦ss✲✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛s ❝❡♥t❡r❡❞ ❛♥❞ s❝❛❧❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❡st ❝♦st✲ ❛♥❞ s✐❣♠❛✲✈❛❧✉❡ ✇❡r❡ s❡❛r❝❤❡❞ ❜② ✐♥♣✉tt✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❣r✐❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ ✶✵✳ ❇② tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧✱ t❤❡ r❛♥❣❡ −2 ♦❢ ✐♥♣✉tt❡❞ ❝♦st✲✈❛❧✉❡s ✭❝✲✈❛❧✉❡s✮ ✇❛s s❡q✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❢r♦♠ 3.13 × 10 4 −5 t♦ 3.28×10 ✉♥✐ts✳ ❋♦r r❛❞✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ s✐❣♠❛ ✈❛❧✉❡s r❛♥❣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ 3.05×10 t♦ 8 ✉♥✐ts✳ ❚♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❢✉s✐♦♥ ♠❛✲ tr✐① ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✜rst ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡st ❞❛t❛ s❡t ✭✶✻✵ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ r❡st✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ str❛t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ st❛❣❡✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❘❖■ ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❆♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❘✱ ❘✬❛♥❞ ❘✑ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ✶✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ✸✳✸ ❇❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❍❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t✇♦ ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡✱ t❡st ♣❧❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❤❛r✈❡st❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✸✳✶✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❛② ♦❢ ❤❛r✲ ✈❡st✱ ✜✈❡ ♣❧❛♥ts ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ✇❡r❡ ❝r♦♣♣❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❜❡❡ts ✇❡r❡ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧❧② s❡❝t✐♦♥❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✇❡r❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② r❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛s r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♥✐♥❡✲❝❧❛ss ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❝❛❧❡ ❢r♦♠ ✶ ✭♥♦ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧❡s✐♦♥s✱ ♣❧❛♥ts ❛♣♣❛r✲ ❡♥t❧② ❤❡❛❧t❤②✮ t♦ ✾ ✭♣❧❛♥t ❞❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② r♦tt❡♥✮ ❬✸✸❪✳ ❋♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❡ r❡s✉❧ts✱ t❤❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ✇❛s ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧② r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❜❡❡t✲s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❛s r❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♥t s❝❛❧❡✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ❤❛r✈❡st❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❛t❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✳ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❇❡❡t ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❧❡❛❢✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✇❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❤❛r✈❡st❡❞ ❜❡❡ts✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❧❡♥s✲♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✇❛s r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ✹✵ ❝♠ ❢♦r ❛ ❜❡tt❡r r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ t❤❡ t✐❧t ❛♥❣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡♥s ✇❛s r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ✵◦ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✸✳✷✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✇❛s s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐✲ ❝❛❧❧② ❜② t❤❡ ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗ ❝❛♠❡r❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❡t ✈❛❧✉❡s ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ ✾✵ ♠s✳ ❙❝❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝t✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❡❡t✳ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❇❡❡t✲✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❇❡❡t✲✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ st❡♣s ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✿ ✭✶✮ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✭✷✮ ♥♦✐s② ❜❛♥❞ r❡♠♦✈❛❧✱ ❛♥❞ ✭✸✮ ❙❛✈✐t③❦②✲●♦❧❛② ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✐♥ s♠♦♦t❤❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❋♦r t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❡❡t ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣✐①❡❧s✱ ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭P❈❆✮ ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❝❛♠❡ ❢r♦♠ ❢♦✉r s♠♦♦t❤❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ t✇♦ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✭s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✮✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ✇❛s ❞r❛✇♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ♠❛s❦ ♦r ❜✐♥❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ✉♥❢♦❧❞❡❞ ❜② ♣✐①❡❧ ❛s ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r✳ ◆❡①t✱ t❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❝✉❜❡ ✇❛s ✉♥❢♦❧❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♠❛tr✐① ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡❝t♦r ✇❛s ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ t♦ ✐t✱ ✜♥✐s❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❛rr❛♥❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞❛t❛✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ P❈❆✱ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ❜❛♥❞s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✇❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❢❛❝t♦r ✭❋✐❣✳ ✸✳✺✮✳ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❚❤❡ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❧♦ts ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✭♣✐①❡❧s✮ ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲✱ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ❛♥❞ t❤✐r❞✲✱ t❤✐r❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉rt❤✲♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s s②st❡♠ ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❛❧✲ ✉❛t❡❞ ✈✐s✉❛❧❧② t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❜❡❡t✲ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✶✺ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺✿ ❉❛t❛ ♣r❡♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❢♦r P❈❆✳ ✶✮ ■♠❛❣❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✹ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ ✷ s❛♠♣❧❡s❀ ✷✮ ❇✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐♠❛❣❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✐♥❣ ❜❡❡t ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞❀ ✸✮ ❘❡❛rr❛♥❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ❜② ♠❡r❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ✈❡❝t♦r❀ ✹✮ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣✐①❡❧ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❜✐♥❛r② ❞❛t❛ ❛s ❢❛❝t♦r✳ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✭r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✇❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t✿ Bsi = Bp − Bn Bp + Bn ✭✸✳✷✮ ❲❤❡r❡✿ Bsi✿ ❇❡❡t s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① Bp ✿ ▼♦st ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ Bn ✿ ▼♦st ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ◆❡①t✱ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ✐♥❞❡① ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ ❢♦✉r ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❛s ♣❧♦tt❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❢♦r ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t ✇❛s ✈✐s✉❛❧❧② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞✳ ▼❛s❦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ❇② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ✐♥❞❡① ✇❛s ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❤②✲ ♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❚♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ ♣✐❣♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇♥ ✇❛s r❡t✐r❡❞ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛s❦✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ❜✐♥❛r② ✐♠❛❣❡ ✇❛s t❤❡♥ s❛✈❡❞✳ ✶✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ▼❛s❦ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✧✶✧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣✐①❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❜❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❘❖■ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✳ ✸✳✸✳✹ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ♣✐①❡❧s P✐①❡❧s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡ ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ P❈❆✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺ ✇✐t❤ s❧✐❣❤t ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❆t t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ st❡♣✱ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✇❛s s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ t✇♦ ♦r t❤r❡❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts t♦t❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧s ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡ ✇❡r❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞✳ ❆t st❡♣ ✷✱ t❤❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ♦❢ ✧❤❡❛❧t❤②✧ ♦r ✧❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✧ t✐ss✉❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ✧❧❛❜❡❧✧ ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ♣✐①❡❧✳ ❆t st❡♣ ✸✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✇❛s ❛❞❞❡❞ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✧❧❛✲ ❜❡❧✧✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ❞❡❧❡t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ P❈❆ ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ✸✳✸✳✺ ■♥❞❡① ❢♦r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ❚✇♦ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ❝❧❛ss✐❢② t❤❡ s✉r✲ ❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣r❡s❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✸✳✷✱ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❢♦❧✲ ❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞✿ Btsix = Bmax − Bmin Bmax + Bmin ✭✸✳✸✮ ❲❤❡r❡✿ Btsi✿ ❇❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① x✿ ✧s✧ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✧i✧ ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ Bmax ✿ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ Bmin ✿ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ✸✳✸✳✻ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✭❇ts✐✮ t♦ ❝❧❛s✲ s✐❢② ♣✐①❡❧s ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❛♥❞ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♣✐①❡❧s ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ❛s ✧❤❡❛❧t❤②✧ ❛♥❞ ✧❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✧ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸✳✸✳✹✳ ❚❤❡ Btsi ▲✐♠✐t ✭▲✮ ✇❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❛ ♦❢ ✧❤✧ ❛♥❞ ✧❞✧✭❋✐❣✳ ✸✳✻✮✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✧❤✧ ✇❛s t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣✐①❡❧s H t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ ❞❛♠✲ ❛❣❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s D ♣❧✉s ♦r ♠✐♥✉s t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ σh ❀ ❛♥❞ ✧❞✧ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✳ ✶✼ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✸✳ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✻✿ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ Btsi✲✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧✐♠✐t ♣♦✐♥t✭▲✮ ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❇❡❢♦r❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✐①❡❧ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ s❛♠♣❧❡ ✇❛s ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✧❊r♦s✐♦♥✧ ✭3 × 3✮ ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ r♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲❜♦❛r❞✐♥❣ ♣✐①❡❧s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❤②♣❡r✲ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❝r♦✇♥ r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ s❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ ✐♥♥❡r ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✿ RRCRRating(x) = Pd × 100% P d + Ph ✭✸✳✹✮ ❲❤❡r❡✿ RRCRRating ✿ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❝r♦✇♥ r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ x✿ ✧s✧ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✧i✧ ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ Pd ✿ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ✧❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡✧ Ph ✿ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ✧❤❡❛❧t❤② t✐ss✉❡✧ ✸✳✸✳✼ ◆♦♥✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❆ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❜❡❡t ❜r❡✐ ✇❛s ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❛r✈❡st❡❞ ❜❡❡t✱ ✐✳❡✳ st♦r❛❣❡ r♦♦t st❛rt✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t❛♣r♦♦t✱ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❜r❡✐ ✇❛s st♦r❡❞ ❛t ✲✷✻◦ ❈ ✉♥t✐❧ ♥♦♥✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚♦ t❤✐s ❛✐♠✱ ❛ ❤❛♥❞❤❡❧❞ ♥♦♥✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s♣❡❝tr♦r❛❞✐♦♠❡t❡r ✭❆❙❉ ❋✐❡❧❞❙♣❡❝ ✹ ❍✐❣❤ r❡s s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r✱ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❉❡✈✐❝❡s✱ ❇♦✉❧❞❡r✱ ❈❖✱ ❯❙❆✮ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❛♥❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ✸✺✵ t♦ ✷✺✵✵ ♥♠ ✐♥ ✷✶✺✶ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✱ ❱■❙◆■❘ ❛♥❞ ❙❤♦rt✲❲❛✈❡ ■♥❢r❛r❡❞ ✭❙❲■❘✮ r❡❣✐♦♥s✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ s❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❛ ♣✐st♦❧ ❣r✐♣ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❡❞ ✸✵ ❝♠ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ❇❡❢♦r❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t ✇❛s ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡❞ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✶✵ ❞❛r❦✲❝✉rr❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✶✵ ✇❤✐t❡✲r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❋✐♥❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s♣❡❝tr❛ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ✶✵ t✐♠❡s ♣❡r s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ✶✽ ✹ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✹✳✶ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ ♦♣t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✹✳✶✳✶ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ❛♥❞ s②♠♣t♦♠s ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛❜♦✈❡✲❣r♦✉♥❞ ❧❡❛❢✲s②♠♣t♦♠s✳ ❚❤❡ r❛t✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ st❛❜❧❡ ✉♥t✐❧ ✜✈❡ ❞❛②s ❛❢t❡r ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❞❛✐✮✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♥♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥ts ❡①❤✐❜✐t❡❞ ♥♦ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧❡s✐♦♥s✳ ❙❡✈❡♥ ❞❛②s ❛❢t❡r ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ s♦♠❡ s②♠♣t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ ❤♦✇✲ ❡✈❡r✱ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛t ✶✵ ❞❛✐ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇❡❞ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❧❡❛✈❡s✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦♥❡✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ s✐①t❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ✭✶✷ ❞❛✐✮✱ ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ✐♥❞✉❜✐t❛❜❧② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣❧❛♥ts ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✸✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❧❡❛✈❡s✱ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✶✵✪ ♠♦r❡ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥t✲ ❧❡✈❡❧s t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❣r♦✉♣✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞❛②✱ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st ❛❧s♦ t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡✳ ▲❛st❧② ❛♥❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❤❛r✈❡st✱ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ✐♥ ❛❧♠♦st ✶✵✵✪ ♦❢ t♦t❛❧ ❧❡❛✈❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇✐❧t✐♥❣✱ ❝❤❧♦r♦s✐s ❛♥❞ ♥❡❝r♦s✐s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♥♦♥✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛ ❧❡❛❢✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦♥❡✳ Leaf−symptoms of RRCR ● 5 4 ● ● 12 14 Rating 3 2 ● 1 0 ● ● ● −01 03 05 ● 07 10 17 dai Treatment ● 1. Control ● 2. Low Inoculated ● 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✿ ❘❛t✐♥❣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛❜♦✈❡❣r♦✉♥❞ ❧❡❛❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❘❤✐③♦❝✲ t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❞✐s❡❛s❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✇❛s r♦✉♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❡♥t✐r❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✶✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ Canopy Segmentation Selected Canopy pixels (%) 100 75 50 25 0 OSAVI mNDVI705 MCARI2 NDVI705 Ctr2 MSR705 DVI NDVI Ctr4 Index ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✿ ■♥❞❡① ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛♥♦♣②✲♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥t✳ Background Segmentation Selected Background pixels (%) 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.7 DVI MCARI2 Ctr4 NDVI mNDVI705 MSR705 Ctr2 OSAVI NDVI705 Index ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✸✿ ■♥❞❡① ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥t✳ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦♥ ❧❡❛✈❡s ■♥❞❡①❡s ❢♦r ❝❛♥♦♣② ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r♦tt❡❞ ♣❧❛♥t ✐♠❛❣❡ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❢♦r ❝❛♥♦♣② s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥t ✇❡r❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✿ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✷ ✭❈tr✷✮✱ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✹ ✭❈tr✹✮✱ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡① ✭❉❱■✮✱ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❆❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ■♥❞❡① ✷ ✭▼❈❆❘■✷✮✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❘❡❞ ❊❞❣❡ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡① ✭♠◆❉❱■✼✵✺✮✱ ▼♦❞✲ ✐✜❡❞ ❘❡❞ ❊❞❣❡ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❘❛t✐♦ ■♥❞❡① ✭▼❙❘✼✵✺✮✱ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡① ✭◆❉❱■✮✱ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✼✺✵✴✼✵✺ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ■♥❞❡① ✭◆❉❱■✼✵✺✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ❙♦✐❧✲❆❞❥✉st❡❞ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡① ✭❖❙❆❱■✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉✲ ❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡♣t❤ t♦ ❝❧❛ss✐❢② ❝❛♥♦♣②✲ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡s t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①❡s t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ❝❛♥♦♣②✲♣✐①❡❧s ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥t✳ ❖❙❆❱■ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛t ✼✷✳✻✹✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧②✲s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❝❛♥♦♣② ♣✐①❡❧s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✸ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣✐①❡❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❉❱■ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❛❧✉❡ ✾✾✳✾✾✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ t♦t❛❧ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧②✲s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✹✮✳ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣r✐♠❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❚❤❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦ ♦r ♣r✐♠❛r② ♠❛s❦ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♠❡r❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❙❆❱■ ❛♥❞ ❉❱■ ❜✐♥❛r②✲♠❛s❦ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✐♥ s❡❣♠❡♥t✐♥❣ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✹✮✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛s❦ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❝❛♥♦♣② ♣✐①❡❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✈❡ ✾✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❝❛♥♦♣② ❛r❡❛ ❢♦r ✐♠❛❣❡s ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✶ ❞❜✐ t♦ ✶✵ ❞❛✐✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✇❛s r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r❧②✱ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❢♦r ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❧② ✾✾✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✺✮✳ a b c ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✹✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ♠❛s❦ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ❛✮ ❘●❇ ■♠❛❣❡✱ ❜✮❞r❛✇♥ ▼❛s❦✱ ❝✮ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ♠❛s❦✳ ■♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❧❡❛✈❡s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥ s✉❣❛r❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥ts ❚❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❞❡①❡s t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t s✉❣❛r❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❧❡❛❢✲ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❜❡❣❛♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✇ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ✜rst ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ s✉❜s❡✲ q✉❡♥t❧② s♠♦♦t❤❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s st❛❣❡ ✇❛s ♥❛♠❡❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♣r❡✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ st❛❣❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❖❙❆❱■✲ ❛♥❞ ❉❱■✲❜✐♥❛r②✲♠❛s❦s ✇❡r❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♠♦♦t❤❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ t♦ ♠❡r❣❡ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ ♣r✐♠❛r② ♠❛s❦✳ ❚♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♠✐①❡❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❜♦r❞❡r ♣✐①❡❧s✱ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛s❦✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❞❡❧✐♠✐ts t❤❡ ❘❖■✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❡✈❡r✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥ts ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✺✮✳ ✷✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✺✿ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✲♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡①tr❛❝t r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛❢✲❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❝✉❜❡ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ✷✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r❜❡❡t ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ r❡❢r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✻ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❛② ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t✳ ◆♦♥✲ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ s❧✐❣❤t ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✺✷✵ t♦ ✻✺✵ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ s✉❞❞❡♥ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✼✸✵ t♦ ✾✺✵ ♥♠✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ r❡✲ ❣✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❡st ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❡①❤✐❜✐t❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❡♥❞❡♥❝② ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✻✵✵ ✲ ✼✵✵ ♥♠ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✼✸✵ ✲ ✾✺✵ ♥♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❧♦✇❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛t ✶✷✱ ✶✹ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❍✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② s✐♠✐❧❛r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r t❤❛♥ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✼✸✵ ✲ ✾✺✵ ♥♠ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡❞ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❞r❛st✐❝❛❧❧② ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r✲❤❛❧❢✲❣r❛✐♥ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✼ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts s❤♦✇❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ③❡r♦ ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ ✹✼✵✲✱ ✺✺✵✲✱ ✻✽✵✲ ❛♥❞ ✽✵✵✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✭✺✺✵ ♥♠✮ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✭✹✼✵✱ ✻✽✵ ❛♥❞ ✽✵✵ ♥♠✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❛❢✲ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ❆❝r♦ss ❛❧❧ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✻✾✵ ❛♥❞ ✼✹✵ ♥♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❝✉r✈❡s✳ ❚❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ s❧♦♣❡ ♦r ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✼✵✵ t♦ ✼✸✵ ♥♠✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✺✻✵ t♦ ✻✹✵ ❛♥❞ ✻✾✵ t♦ ✼✹✵ ♥♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡✱ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦r ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❛♥t✐✲✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✽✳ ❆❧❧ tr❡❛t✲ ♠❡♥ts ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ③❡r♦ ♥❡❛r ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ✺✷✺✱ ✺✽✵✱ ✻✹✵✱ ✼✶✵✱ ✼✾✵ ❛♥❞ ✾✸✵ ♥♠✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐♥✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡ts✳ ◆♦♥✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ r❡❣✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✷✵ ❛♥❞ ✺✽✵✱ ✻✺✵ ❛♥❞ ✼✵✵ ♥♠✱ ✼✸✵ ❛♥❞ ✼✻✵ ♥♠✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ t❤❡② r❡✲ ✈❡❛❧❡❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡✱ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ✉♣✇❛r❞❧② ❝♦♥❝❛✈❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✳ ▲♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥s ❛s ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤✐❣❤❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ ✺✷✵ t♦ ✺✽✵ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ✼✸✵ t♦ ✼✻✵ ♥♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢r♦♠ ✺✷✵ t♦ ✺✽✵ ♥♠ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✜✈❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✽✵ ❛♥❞ ✻✸✵ ♥♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛ t❡♥❞❡♥❝② t♦ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ✷✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ Leaf−reflectance development 1.25 1.00 1. Control 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 1.2 Date 2. Low inoculated Reflection 0.9 0.6 0.3 01 d b i 03 d a i 05 d a i 07 d a i 10 d a i 12 d a i 14 d a i 17 d a i 0.0 1.2 0.9 3. High inoculated 0.6 0.3 0.0 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength [nm] ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✻✿ ▲❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛✲r♦♦t✲r♦t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✿ ✶✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✷✮❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✸✮ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉✲ ❧❛t❡❞✳ ✷✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ 1st Derivative of leaf−reflectance development 0.04 1. Control 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.04 Date R' 2. Low inoculated 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 01 d b i 03 d a i 05 d a i 07 d a i 10 d a i 12 d a i 14 d a i 17 d a i −0.01 0.05 0.04 3. High inoculated 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 −0.01 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength [nm] ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✼✿ ❋✐rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛✲ r♦♦t✲r♦t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✿ ✶✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✷✮❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✸✮ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ✷✺ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ 2nd Derivative of leaf−reflectance development 0.003 0.002 0.001 1. Control 0.000 −0.001 −0.002 −0.003 0.003 0.002 Date 2. Low inoculated R'' 0.001 0.000 −0.001 01 d b i 03 d a i 05 d a i 07 d a i 10 d a i 12 d a i 14 d a i 17 d a i −0.002 0.003 0.002 3. High inoculated 0.001 0.000 −0.001 −0.002 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength [nm] ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✽✿ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛✲ r♦♦t✲r♦t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✿ ✶✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✷✮❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✸✮ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ✷✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✶✳✹ ■♠♣♦rt❛♥t s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛✈❡s r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ st❡♣s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✹✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ❜❛♥❞s st❛rt❡❞ ❜② ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ t♦ ✶ ❞❜✐✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❢♦r r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✳ ❚❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞✲♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✭P❈✶✮ s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✭❋✐❣✳ ✽✳✷✮✳ ❆t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✭P❈✷✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❆t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ ❣r♦✉♣s ✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝❧❡❛r❧② s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ ❜② P❈✷✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛t ✶✵ ❞❛✐✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ✇❤② t❤✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♥♦t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥② ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t st❡♣ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧✐♥❡❛r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❤✐❣❤❡r✱ ❡q✉❛❧ ♦r ❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ±0.9 ✇❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✳ ❆t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ✷✵ ❜❛♥❞s ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✻✵✵✲✻✹✽ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✻✽✼✲✻✾✼ ♥♠ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✼✮✳ ❋♦r ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ✶✹ ❛♥❞ ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ ♥♦ str♦♥❣ ❧✐♥❡❛r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ P❈ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ✭❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✱ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✽✮✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥✱ ♥♦ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇❡r❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st st❡♣ ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ♥♦ ❜❛♥❞ ✇❛s s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❢♦r r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✻✵✵✲✻✹✽ ❛♥❞ ✻✽✼✲✻✾✼ ♥♠ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✾✳ ✷✼ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ Band selection process of reflectance 1 2 3 4 dai PCA health differentiation Variable ( |r| >0.9) : R[i] = Bands selection 17 PC 1 i: 618; 615; 621; 624; 612; 627; 630; 609; 633; 636; 606; 639; 603; 642; 645; 600; 690; 648; 687; 697 nm 14 PC 2 12 PC 2 non-constant bands 10 7 5 PC [j] Health differentiation 3 No health differentiation dbi 1 j : Number of principal component ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✾✿ ❇❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❢r♦♠ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧✲ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✐♥ ❢♦✉r st❡♣s✿ ✶✮ ♦r❞❡r t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❜② ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡✱ ✷✮ ❞✐✛❡r✲ ❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞✲❣r♦✉♣s ❜② P❈❆ ✱ ✸✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✱ ✹✮ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡✳ ✷✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❚❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ P❈✶✲P❈✷ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t P❈✶✱ P❈✶✱ ❛♥❞ P❈✷ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♣❧❛♥ts ❢r♦♠ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ❛t ✶✼✱ ✶✹✱ ❛♥❞ ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✸✮✳ ❆t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ P❈✶ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✺✺✾✲✻✵✵✱ ✼✶✶✲✼✷✵✱ ❛♥❞ ✼✽✻✲✽✶✽ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✹✻✻✲ ❛♥❞ ✻✻✾✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✾✮✳ ❆t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✱ P❈✶ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦rr❡✲ ❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✼✽✻✲✽✶✷ ♥♠ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✵✮❛♥❞ ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ P❈✷ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✼✷✵✲✼✷✾ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✼✽✻✲✽✵✻ ♥♠ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✶✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ st❡♣✱ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t❤✲✱ s❡✈❡♥t❤✲✱ ❛♥❞ s✐①t❤✲♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❜❛♥❞s ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✇❡r❡ ✼✽✻✱ ✼✽✾✱ ✼✾✷✱ ✼✾✺✱ ✼✾✽✱ ✽✵✵✱ ✽✵✸ ❛♥❞ ✽✵✻ ♥♠ ♦r t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✼✽✻ ❛♥❞ ✽✵✻ ♥♠✳ ❚❤❡ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✐s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✵✳ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❋♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛✱ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s P❈❆ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇❛s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ✶✼✱ ✶✹ ❛♥❞ ✶✷ ❞❛✐ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✹✮✳ ❆t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ P❈✶ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✺✶✹✲✺✶✼✱ ✺✽✽✲✻✸✻✱ ✻✽✹✲✼✷✵✱ ❛♥❞ ✼✹✶✲✼✾✺ ♥♠ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✷✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❜❛♥❞ ✺✽✽✱ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥s ✻✶✺✲✻✸✸✱ ✼✵✷✲✼✶✼✱ ❛♥❞ ✼✻✷✲✼✾✽ ♥♠ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✸✮✳ ▲❛st❧②✱ ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥s ✹✺✶✲✹✼✽✱ ✺✷✸✲✺✷✻✱ ✺✽✺✲✺✽✽✱ ❛♥❞ ✼✶✹✲✼✷✸ ♥♠ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✹✮✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s✱ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛s s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✹✱ ✼✶✼ ❛♥❞ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✹✳✶✶✮✳ ✷✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ Band selection process of 1st derivative reflectance 1 2 3 4 dai PCA health differentiation Variable ( |r| >0.9) : R[i] = Bands selection PC 1 i: 800; 798; 803; 795; 806; 792; 809; 789; 669; 812; 565; 562; 568; 789; 571; 574; 577; 579; 582; 559; 815; 585; 588; 591; 594; 597; 466;714; 711; 717; 818; 600; 720 nm 14 PC 1 798; 800; 795; 803; 792; 806; 789;809; 786; 812 nm 12 PC 2 789; 792; 786; 795; 798; 800; 803; 806; 723; 726; 729; 720 nm 17 R 798 R 800 R 795 R 803 R 792 R 806 10 R 789 7 R 786 5 PC [j] Health differentiation 3 No health differentiation dbi 1 j : Number of principal component ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✵✿ ❇❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧✲✐♠❛❣❡s ✐♥ ❢♦✉r st❡♣s✿ ✶✮ ♦r❞❡r t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❜② ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡✱ ✷✮ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞✲❣r♦✉♣s ❜② P❈❆ ✱ ✸✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✱ ✹✮ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❜② ❝♦♥st❛♥❝❡✳ ✸✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ Band selection process of 2nd derivative reflectance 1 2 3 4 dai PCA health differentiation Variable ( |r| >0.9) : R[i] = Bands selection 17 PC 1 i: 759; 762; 756; 765; 699; 702; 768; 753; 771; 696; 705; 774; 750; 777; 708; 780; 693; 747; 783; 711; 786; 744; 690; 714; 789; 615; 612; 618; 609; 621; 606; 624; 603; 717; 600; 741; 627; 597; 594; 792; 591; 687; 630; 588; 633; 720; 517; 514; 795; 636; 684 nm 14 PC 1 789; 792; 786; 783; 780; 711; 795; 714; 777; 708; 774; 771; 717; 768; 705; 624; 627; 621; 798; 630; 765; 618; 762; 615; 633; 702; 588 nm PC 1 720; 717; 723; 451; 454; 457; 460; 588; 463; 714; 466; 523; 469; 585; 472; 526; 475; 798; 478; 795 nm 12 R 588 R 714 R 717 10 7 R 795 5 PC [j] Health differentiation 3 No health differentiation dbi 1 j : Number of principal component ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✶✿ ❇❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧✲✐♠❛❣❡s ✐♥ ❢♦✉r st❡♣s✿ ✶✮ ♦r❞❡r t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❜② ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡✱ ✷✮ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞✲❣r♦✉♣s ❜② P❈❆ ✱ ✸✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✱ ✹✮ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❜② ❝♦♥st❛♥❝❡✳ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❚❤❡ t❡st ♦❢ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❜❛♥❞s s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❤❛s ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✺✮✳ ❙✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤✐s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t❡st ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛✲ t✐✈❡ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✧❑❡♥❞❛❧❧✧ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✼✽✻✲ ✱ ✼✽✾✲✱ ✼✾✷✲✱ ✼✾✺✲✱ ✼✾✽✲✱ ✽✵✵✲✱ ✽✵✸✲ ❛♥❞ ✽✵✻✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞s ❛r❡ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✻✮❀ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✼✽✾✲ ❛♥❞ ✼✾✷✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✾✾✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❜❛♥❞s ♦❢ ✼✽✻ ❛♥❞ ✽✵✻ ♥♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✻✸✳ ■♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✱ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✺✽✽✲✱ ✼✶✹✲✱ ✼✶✼✲ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✼✾✺✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛s s❝♦r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✼✶✹✲ ❛♥❞ ✼✶✼✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✾✵✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛s s❝♦r❡❞ t❤❡ ✺✽✽✲ ❛♥❞ ✼✾✺✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✲ ✵✳✼✵ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✼✮✳ ▲❛st❧②✱ t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❜❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✼✾✺ ♥♠✱ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t❡st ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✼✸✳ ✸✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❙✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ❜✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇❡r❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ❝♦❧♦r s❝❛❧❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✻ t♦ ✽✳✶✼✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ❜❛♥❞s✱ ✺✽✽✲ ✱ ✼✶✹✲✱ ✼✶✼✲ ❛♥❞ ✼✾✺✲♥♠ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ✐♥ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t②✲❘●❇ ♠✐①❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✷ t♦ ✹✳✶✺✮✳ ❋♦r t❤❡s❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s✱ ❛ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✇❛s ❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❧② ❡st❛❜✲ ❧✐s❤❡❞ t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛❜♥♦r♠❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✭❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✺✮✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✷ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✺✽✽✲♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ s❤♦✇s ❧♦✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛t ✼ ❞❛✐✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ ❜❡❡t✲❝r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ♦❢ ♦❧❞ ❧❡❛✈❡s ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s✳ ■♥ ❧❛t❡r ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❧♦✇ s✐❣♥❛❧ tr❛♥s❢❡rr❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s ✉♥t✐❧ ♣❧❛♥t ❞❡❛t❤✳ ■♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐①❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✼✶✹ ❛♥❞ ✼✶✼ ♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✸ ❛♥❞ ✹✳✶✹✮✱ t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ❧♦✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s ♦❢ ✈✐❣♦r♦✉s ❧❡❛✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ♦❧❞ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❛t ✼ ❞❛✐✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✉♥❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ♣❧❛♥t ❞❡❛t❤✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✺ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠♦st ✈✐❣♦r♦✉s ❧❡❛✈❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❧♦✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢r♦♠ ✶✵ ❞❛✐ ❛♥❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ♣❧❛♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ❢❛❧❧✳ ✸✷ ✸✸ 12 dai 3 dai RGB 14 dai 5 dai 17 dai 7 dai ′′ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✷✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✳ ❖❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ R588 ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ 3 3 3 ✭−0.13 × 10 ✮ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ✭0.05 × 10 ✮❀ ✐❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ −0.075 × 10 ✭❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡✮✱ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇❡r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❘●❇✱ ❢♦r ❧♦✇❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦❧♦r ❝♦❞❡✳ 10 dai 1 dbi Low inoculated sample ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✸✹ 12 dai 3 dai RGB 14 dai 5 dai 17 dai 7 dai ′′ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✸✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✳ ❖❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ R714 ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ 3 3 3 ✭−0.46 × 10 ✮ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ✭0.68 × 10 ✮❀ ✐❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ −0.18 × 10 ✭❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡✮✱ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇❡r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❘●❇✱ ❢♦r ❧♦✇❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦❧♦r ❝♦❞❡✳ 10 dai 1 dbi Low inoculated sample ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✸✺ 12 dai 3 dai RGB 14 dai 5 dai 17 dai 7 dai ′′ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✹✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✳ ❖❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ R717 ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ 3 3 3 ✭−0.69 × 10 ✮ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ✭0.43 × 10 ✮❀ ✐❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ −0.25 × 10 ✭❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡✮✱ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇❡r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❘●❇✱ ❢♦r ❧♦✇❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦❧♦r ❝♦❞❡✳ 10 dai 1 dbi Low inoculated sample ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✸✻ 12 dai 3 dai RGB 14 dai 5 dai 17 dai 7 dai ′′ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✺✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✳ ❖❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ R795 ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ 3 3 3 ✭−0.17 × 10 ✮ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ✭0.41 × 10 ✮❀ ✐❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ 0 × 10 ✭❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡✮✱ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇❡r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❘●❇✱ ❢♦r ❧♦✇❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦❧♦r ❝♦❞❡✳ 10 dai 1 dbi Low inoculated sample ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✶✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛✈❡s r❡❢r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❚❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✱ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t❤❛t ❧✐♥❡❛r✲❦❡r♥❡❧✲♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❣r❛❞✲ ✉❛❧❧② t❤❡✐r ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✐♥ t✐♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❜❡st ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦♥❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st t✇♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✽ t♦ ✽✳✷✺✮✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉♣✇❛r❞ tr❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❛ttr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐s✲ ❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡✲ ❧❡ss✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ s♦♠❡ ❡rr♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡✳ ❆t ✶ ❞❜✐✱ ✶✷✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✇❛s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❢♦✉r ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ❛s ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✻✮✳ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞✲✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❚♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝②✱ t✇♦ ❛❞❞✐✲ t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❡r❡ r✉♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤r❡❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❞✉❡ t♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✼✶✹✲♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✼✶✼ ♥♠ ❜❛♥❞ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✼✮✿ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ” ” ” ” ” ” t❤❡ ✺✽✽✲✱ ✼✶✹✲✱ ✼✾✺✲♥♠ ✭R588 ✱ R714 ✱R795 ✮ ❛♥❞ ✺✽✽✲✱ ✼✶✼✲✱ ✼✾✺✲♥♠ ✭R588 ✱ R717 ✱R795 ✮ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❛s ❜❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✲✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ” ” ” ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ R588 ✱ R714 ✱R795 ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥ts ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✼✮✳ ❆❧♠♦st ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s st❛rt❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ✭✶✵ ❞❛✐✮ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ ✶✹ ✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦r ✼ ❢r♦♠ ✶✼ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ❛s ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ❡rr♦r✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡❞ ✷✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✭✶ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ❛s ✉♥❤❡❛❧t❤②✮ ❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡ ✭✶ ❞❜✐✮✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡st ❝❧❡❛r ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ st❛rt❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ✭✼ ❞❛✐✮ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ✇✐t❤ ✶✵ ✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✭✺ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✲♣❧❛♥ts ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ✉♥❤❡❛❧t❤②✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ” t❤❡ R714 ✲r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ r❛♣✐❞❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ t♦ ✽✺✪ ❛t t❤❡ s✐①t❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡ ✭✶✷ ❞❛✐✮✳ ” ” ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ R714 ✲ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ R717 ✲r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛r❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧✳ ” ❲❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ R717 ✲♠♦❞❡❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❛t ✼ ❞❛✐ ✭✹✪ ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ” R714 ✲♠♦❞❡❧✮✱ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❤♦✇❡❞ ✺✪ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❛t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✳ ” ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t♦ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ R714 ✲ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛t ✶ ❞❜✐ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❛t ✼ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ ✇❡r❡ ♣❧♦tt❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ t❤r❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❙❱▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦✲ ❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦rs ✇❡r❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❤②♣❡r♣❧❛♥❡ t❤❛t ❞✐✈✐❞❡s ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✽ s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♠❛❦❡s ❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✳ ❘✐❣❤t✲s✐❞❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❧❡❢t✲s✐❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛s ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ✸✼ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ SVM−performance of complete variable model Linear model / All bands 100 30 50 25 30 Percent (%) 26 18 2. . 29 30 31 34 36 37 37 2. 4 3. 28 30 30 0 29 4. 2 Accuracy distribution 28 75 . 60 Error distribution 34 40 32 34 32 20 20 28 0 . 32 22 . 18 . 2 2 . 4 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✻✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✶st✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✸✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ SVM−performance of reduced−variable model Linear model / Band 714 100 29 29 28 50 30 Percent (%) 25 0 31 34 36 37 37 2. 3. 24 Accuracy distribution 75 30 30 30 30 . 2. 4. 34 34 24 . . 60 Error distribution 34 40 34 20 20 34 34 32 24 0 . . . . 2 . 4 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✼✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✹✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✸✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ● ● ● ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ● Sample representation and performance of linear SVM−model − ● ● ● 2.Inoculated samples (7 dai) ● d ● 3.Inoculated samples (17 dai) −0.3 − −0.15 − −0.20 − − −0.25 2.0 1.5 1.0 R'' 714 x 10 0.5 0.0 −0.5 −0.10 −0.4 − −0.05 − R'' 795 x 10 0.0 −0.1 −0.2 − − 0.00 − R'' 588 x 103 − 3 0.1 0.2 ol 0.3 (1 dbi) t ● 1.All samples ● 3 ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✽✿ ❚❤r❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞s ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✹✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠❀ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡r♣❧❛♥❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧✳ ✹✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✷ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r❜❡❡t r♦♦ts ✹✳✷✳✶ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t s❝♦r✐♥❣ ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❆t t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ ♥♦ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧❡s✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝r♦♣♣❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ s❝♦r✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ✶ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✹✳✶✾✮✳ ■♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ s❝♦r❡ ♦❢ ✼ ✭✺✵ t♦ ✼✺✪ ♦❢ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞r②✲r♦t ❝❛♥❦❡r✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✲ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤❡✐r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t s❝♦r❡✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ❜♦t❤ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✱ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✽✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r r♦♦t r♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❤❛♥ ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✳ RRCR rating of surface tissue Harvest 1 Harvest 2 9 Rating 7 Treatment 5 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 3 1 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated Treatment ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✾✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✇❛s r♦✉♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❡♥t✐r❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ▼♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ r❛t✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✵✳ ❆t t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✼✹ ❛♥❞ ✻✼✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦tt❡❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✽✽ ❛♥❞ ✽✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ r♦tt❡❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✳ ❋♦r ❜♦t❤ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡s✱ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✵✪✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ s❝♦r❡s ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✶✳ ❆s ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ r❡s✉❧ts✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ s❝♦r❡s ♦❢ ✵✪ ✭❤❡❛❧t❤② ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✮ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❛t ❜♦t❤ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❡s✳ ▲♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ❡①❤✐❜✐t❡❞ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✸✶ ❛♥❞ ✹✹✪ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ r❛t✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✸✶ t♦ ✹✺✪ ♦❢ r♦tt❡❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❞❛t❡s✳ ✹✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ RRCR rating of surface tissue Harvest 1 Harvest 2 100 Rating (%) 75 Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 50 25 0 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated Treatment ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✵✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♥t s❝❛❧❡✳ RRCR rating of inner tissue Harvest 1 Harvest 2 40 Rating (%) Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 20 0 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated Treatment ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✶✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ r❛t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❘❤✐✲ ③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♥t s❝❛❧❡✳ ✹✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❜❡❡ts ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡① ❢♦r s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❡❡t ❚❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ ♣✐①❡❧s ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ t❤✐r❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉rt❤✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✭❋✐❣✳ ✹✳✷✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ❜❛♥❞✱ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦❡✣✲ ❝✐❡♥ts r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✵✳✶✶ t♦ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✻✮✳ ❇❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇❡st ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❡r❡ ❛t ✹✺✶ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✼✾✺ ♥♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✸✳✷✱ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❞❡① ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✿ Bsi = R451 − R795 R451 + R795 ✭✹✳✶✮ ❲❤❡r❡✿ Bsi✿ ❇❡❡t s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① R451 ✿ ▼♦st ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✭❛t ✹✺✶ ♥♠✮ R795 ✿ ▼♦st ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✭❛t ✼✾✺ ♥♠✮ ❇② ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❜❡❡t ✐♠❛❣❡s✱ ❛ t❤r❡s❤✲ ♦❧❞✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✲✵✳✷ ✇❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ✈✐s✉❛❧❧②✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✈❛❧✉❡s ❜❡❧♦✇ t❤✐s ❧✐♠✐t ✇❡r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❜❡❡t t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✽✳✷✻✮✳ Beet− and background−pixels in PC−coordinate system ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● 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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● PC4 (0.1% explained var.) ● 2 ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● −2 ● −5.0 −2.5 0.0 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2.5 PC3 (0.4% explained var.) Pixel ● Background ● Beet ● Group ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✷✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ t❤r❡❡✲ ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉rt❤✲♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❧♦tt❡❞ ♣♦✐♥ts = ✷✻✵✵✳ ✹✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✷✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r r♦♦ts ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❇s✐ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❜❡❡t ❤②♣❡r✲ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s s❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❡①♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✸ ❛♥❞ st❛rts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ r❛✇ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ t❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝✉❜❡ ✇❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ s♠♦♦t❤❡❞✱ ❛ st❛❣❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♣r❡✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✧✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t st❛❣❡✱ ✧❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✧✱ ❛ ❇s✐✲♠❛tr✐① ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✲✵✳✷ ❇s✐ ✉♥✐ts✳ ❚♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣✐❣✲ ♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇♥ ✇❛s ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ❝✉t ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✧✜♥❛❧ ♠❛s❦✧ ✇❛s ❝r❡❛t❡❞✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♠❛s❦✱ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t✳ Operation Data flow Reference Raw Raw image White reference normalization Spectral preprocessing Normalized Normalized image Savitzky–Golay Smoothing Smoothed Smoothed spectral image Segmentation by "Bsi" Data processing Bsi "Bsi" Mask Crown-cutting F. Mask Final Mask Spectral extraction ROI Information of ROI ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✸✿ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✲♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡①tr❛❝t r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❜❡❡t✲❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❝✉❜❡ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥❢❡❝t❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ✹✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ r♦♦ts r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❊✛❡❝t ♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❜❡❡t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ st❡❛❞✐❧② ❢r♦♠ ✹✺✵ t♦ ✾✺✵ ♥♠✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✽✼✵ ❛♥❞ ✾✸✵ ♥♠✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡ ✐s s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❝♦♥❝❛✈❡ ✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✻✹✵ ✲ ✼✷✵ ♥♠✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✹ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡s t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts ❛t ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜❡❡ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❝✉r✈❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❝✉r✈❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✉♣✇❛r❞❧② ❝♦♥❝❛✈❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❛❧✉❡s ♠♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✾✹✵ ❛♥❞ ✾✺✵ ♥♠✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❝✉r✈❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛s ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✇✐t❤ ✐ts ✈❛❧✉❡s ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❧② ❤✐❣❤❡r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❝✉r✈❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❛s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡ ♦❢ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ❡①❤✐❜✐t✐♥❣ ♥♦ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜♦t❤ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✳ Beet−reflectance of surface tissue 0.6 Harvest 1 0.4 Reflectance 0.2 0.6 Harvest 2 0.4 0.2 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength [nm] Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✹✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❱■❙◆■❘✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ❛t t✇♦ ❤❛r✲ ✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛✲tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✿ ✶✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✷✮❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✸✮ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ✹✺ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❊✛❡❝t ♦♥ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥♥❡r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣❧❛♥ts ✐s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✺✳ ❆s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ st❡❛❞✐❧② ❢r♦♠ ✹✺✵ t♦ ✾✺✵ ♥♠✱ s❝♦r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✽✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✾✵✵ ♥♠✳ ❚❤✐s ❝✉r✈❡ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ✉♣✇❛r❞❧② ❝♦♥❝❛✈❡ ✐♥ t✇♦ r❡❣✐♦♥s ✻✺✵✲✼✵✵♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✼✺✵✲✽✵✵ ♥♠✳ ❆t t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st✱ t❤❡ ❤❛❧❢✲❣r❛✐♥ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜❡❡ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦st t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❛✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✼✺✵✲✽✵✵ ♥♠✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❝✉r✈❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❤❛♣❡ ❛s ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ❜✉t s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❤✐❣❤❡r r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st t♦ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✳ ❇❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❤❛❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✳ Beet−reflectance of inner tissue 0.8 0.6 Harvest 1 Reflectance 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.5 Harvest 2 0.4 0.3 0.2 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength [nm] Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✺✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❱■❙◆■❘✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥♥❡r ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ❛t t✇♦ ❤❛r✲ ✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛✲tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✿ ✶✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✷✮❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✸✮ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ✹✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✷✳✺ ❘❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ ■♥❞❡① ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❋♦r t❤✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤② s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ ♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❜❡❡t ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ t✇♦ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✽✳✷✼✮✳ ❚❤❡ P❈✶✲P❈✷ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t P❈✶ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✽✳✷✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✶ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✼✶✶ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✾✼ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✹✺✶ ♥♠✳ ❇♦t❤ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✽✮✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸✳✷✱ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸✳✸ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡✿ Btsis = R711 − R451 R711 + R451 ✭✹✳✷✮ ❲❤❡r❡✿ Bsi✿ ❇❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① s✿ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ R711 ✿ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ R451 ✿ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ■♥❞❡① ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ■♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✉s❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❜❡❡t ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧♦✇ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧s✱ t❤r❡❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✽✳✷✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ P❈✶✲P❈✷ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ P❈✶ s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ ♥♦♥✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✭❋✐❣✳ ✽✳✸✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ P❈✶ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✶ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✼✶✶ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✾✺ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✾✺✵ ♥♠✳ ❇♦t❤ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✾✮✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸✳✷✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ✇❤② ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸✳✸ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✿ Btsii = R711 − R950 R711 + R950 ❲❤❡r❡✿ Bsi✿ ❇❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① i✿ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ R711 ✿ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ R950 ✿ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ✹✼ ✭✹✳✸✮ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ✹✳✷✳✻ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t s❝♦r✐♥❣ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ■♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❇ts✐ ❢r♦♠ ✧❤❡❛❧t❤②✧ ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇❛s ✵✳✹✸ ✇✐t❤ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✵✳✵✼✳ ■♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ✧❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✧ ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s✱ t❤❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ ✇❛s ✵✳✶✽ ✇✐t❤ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✵✳✶✵✳ ❙✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡s❡ ❢♦✉r ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t ♣♦✐♥t ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✭✵✳✸✶ ❇ts✐ ✉♥✐ts✮✳ P✐①❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t ✇❡r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣✐①❡❧s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✵✳✸✶ ♦r ❧♦✇❡r ✇❡r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✸✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘ r❛t✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✸✳✹ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✷✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ r❛t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡ ✇❛s ✶✳✺✶ ❛♥❞ ✸✳✵✽ ✪✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜❡❡ts ❤❛❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❛♥ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✭✹✸✳✼✽ ❛♥❞ ✷✽✳✺✹ ✪✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡✱ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❛t✐♥❣ ✭✻✶✳✻✼ ❛♥❞ ✻✷✳✺✽ ✪✱ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✻✮✳ Mean of hyperspectral RRCR rating of surface tissue Harvest 1 Harvest 2 80 Rating (%) 60 Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 40 20 0 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated Treatment ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✻✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❇ts✐ ❢r♦♠ ✧❤❡❛❧t❤②✧ ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇❛s ✵✳✵✸ ✇✐t❤ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✵✳✵✺✳ ❉❛♠❛❣❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s s❝♦r❡❞ ❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ ✲ ✵✳✺✵ ✇✐t❤ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✵✳✵✻✳ ❙✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡s❡ ❢♦✉r ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t ♣♦✐♥t ❢♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✭✲ ✵✳✷✸ ❇ts✐ ✉♥✐ts✮✳ P✐①❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t ✇❡r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣✐①❡❧s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞❡① ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✲ ✵✳✷✸ ♦r ❧♦✇❡r ✇❡r❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘ r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✷✶✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ r❛t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡ ✇❛s ✶✳✾✼ ❛♥❞ ✹✳✹✾ ✪✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r r❛t✐♥❣ t♦ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✭✶✾✳✾✺ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✳✻✻ ✪✮✳ ❆t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❤✐❣❤✲ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❛♥ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✸✷✳✽✻ ❛♥❞ ✹✹✳✶✶ ✪✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✼✮✳ ✹✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ Mean of hyperspectral RRCR rating of inner tissue Harvest 1 Harvest 2 60 40 Rating (%) Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 20 0 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated Treatment ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✼✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✳ ✹✳✷✳✼ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ♦♥ ❜❡❡t ❜r❡✐ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱■❙◆■❘ ❛♥❞ ❙❲■❘ r❡❣✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❜❡❡t ❜r❡✐ ✐s ❡①♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✽✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❱■❙◆■❘ r❡❣✐♦♥✱ ❜❡❡t✲❜r❡✐ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ♥♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❢♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❞❛t❡s❀ ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥ts s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❧♦✇❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✼✺✵✲✾✺✵♥♠ t❤❛♥ ♦t❤❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✷✵✵✲✶✹✺✵✱ ✶✹✺✵✲✶✽✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✺✵✲ ✷✷✵✵♥♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡st ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❋♦r ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✲ ✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ r❡❣✐♦♥s✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✱ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡❞✱ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ r❡❣✐♦♥s✳ ✹✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✹✳ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ Non−imaging−reflectance of beet−brei 0.3 0.2 Harvest 1 Reflectance 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 Harvest 2 0.1 0.0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Wavelength [nm] Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷✽✿ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❜❡❡t✲❜r❡✐ ❛t t✇♦ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛✲tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts✿ ✶✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✷✮❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✸✮ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ✺✵ ✺ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✺✳✵✳✶ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ❧❡❛❢ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛s♣❡❝ts ♣r✐♦r t♦ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦ss ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ ❛♥② ❛❜♦✈❡✲❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛rt ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ■♥ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣✱ ❙❱■s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ❝❛♥♦♣② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ ❜② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ ❡✛❡❝ts✱ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t②♣❡s ♦❢ s♦✐❧s ❬✸✹✕✸✻❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ✇❛s ♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t♦ ❞✐✛❡r✲ ❡♥t✐❛t❡ ♣❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣✐①❡❧s✳ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥ts ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❙❱■s ✐♥ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✼✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖❙❆❱■ ❛♥❞ ❉❱■ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡❞ t❤❡ ❧♦ss ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t ♣✐①❡❧s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❜❛♥❞s ✐❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛rts ❛s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ♦❢ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❖❙❆❱■ t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❝r♦♣s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡ts ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥❞❡①❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ◆❉❱■ ✭◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ■♥✲ ❞❡①✮ ✇❛s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s st✉❞② ❬✸✺❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❉❱■✱ ✐ts ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♥❣ s♦✐❧ ❛♥❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✐s❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❧♦✇ s❡♥s✐✲ t✐✈✐t② t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉❝❤ ❛s ✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧ ❬✸✼❪✳ ❚❤✐s ❛s♣❡❝t s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t st✉❞② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ s♦♠❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡✲ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❖❙❆❱■✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ♥♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❱■s t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ♣❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞r❛st✐❝❛❧❧② r❡❞✉❝❡❞✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡r❡ ✐s t✐ss✉❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❣♦♦❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜❡❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ s♦♠❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❢♦r ❢✉t✉r❡ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ❇❡❡t s❡❣♠❡♥✲ t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ✭❇s✐✮ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ s❝❧❡r♦t✐❛ ❤❛s ❛❞❤❡r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t✳ P✐①❡❧s ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❡①♣♦s❡❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✐♥❞❡① ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛s ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧♦ss ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛t t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ st❛❣❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✸✶✮✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜❛♥❞s ♦❢ ✹✺✶ ❛♥❞ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s✱ t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ q✉❛❧✐t② ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝♦✉❧❞ ❣✐✈❡ s♦♠❡ ❦❡② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ t✐♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝r♦✇♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛s❦ t❤✐s ❜❡❡t ♣❛rt ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❝✉t ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ✺✳✵✳✷ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❛♥❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ❛♥❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ■♥ ❧❡❛✈❡s✱ t❤❡ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✻✵✵✲✼✵✵ ♥♠ ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ▲❡❛✈❡ ②❡❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ s②♠♣t♦♠ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❧♦✇ ❝❤❧♦r♦✲ ✺✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✺✳ ❉■❙❈❯❙❙■❖◆ ♣❤②❧❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣✐❣♠❡♥t r❛t✐♦✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛ ♦r ❜ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ r❡❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✐s str♦♥❣❧② ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❧✐❣❤t ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦r ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ❧✐❣❤t r❡❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❬✶✾❪✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤✐s r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞r♦♣ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ✼✸✵✲✾✺✵ ♥♠ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇♥✳ ❚❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆■❘ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ❛♥❞ ♠♦st❧② ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② ❢♦✉r ❢❛❝t♦rs✿ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ♦❢ ♠❡s♦♣❤②❧❧ ❝❡❧❧ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t♦ ✐♥t❡r❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✐r s♣❛❝❡❀ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡s♦♣❤②❧❧ ❧❛②❡rs✱ ♣❛❧✐s❛❞❡✱ ❛♥❞ s♣♦♥❣② ❝❡❧❧s❀ t❤❡ ❞r② ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❧❡❛✈❡s❀ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▲❡❛❢ ❆♥❣❧❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✭▲❆❉✮ ❬✶✾✱ ✸✽❪✳ ❋✉r✲ t❤❡r st✉❞✐❡s ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ▲❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤② s❛♠♣❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t st✉❞② s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✺✷✵✲✻✺✵ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✼✸✵✲✾✺✵ ♥♠✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❛❜✐♦t✐❝ str❡ss✳ ❚❤✐s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜r❡❛❦❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ ♣✐❣♠❡♥ts ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ t❤❛t ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❝❛✉s❡s ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ r❡❢r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ♠❡s♦♣❤②❧❧ ❝❡❧❧s ❞✐st✉r❜✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ s❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ◆■❘ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❬✶✾❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✱ ✐♥♥❡r ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✇❛s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❙✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠✲ ♣❧❡s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✐t ✇❛s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✳ ❆ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s ✐s t❤❛t ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❤✐st♦❧♦❣②✱ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐s ❛ t✐ss✉❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❜② ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❧❛②❡r ♦❢ ❡❧♦♥❣❛t❡❞ ❤❛✐r② ❡♣✐❞❡r♠✐s ❝❡❧❧s✳ ■t ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛s ❛ s♦✐❧✲♣❧❛♥t ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❛♥❞ ❛❜s♦r❜s ✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ♥✉tr✐❡♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✐s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r s②st❡♠ t♦ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❜❡✲ t✇❡❡♥ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t ❬✸✾❪✳ ❚❤✐s ❢❛❝t s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦rs✳ ❋✉t✉r❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ s❤♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡ t❤✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✱ t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱■❙◆■❘ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ♣❛r❛❞♦①✳ ❖♥❡ ❛s♣❡❝t t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ✐s t❤❡ st♦r❛❣❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❜r❡✐✳ ❙t♦r❛❣❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❜❡❡t ❝♦❧♦r ❢r♦♠ ♠✐①❡❞ ❝♦❧♦r t♦ ❜r♦✇♥✳ ❇r♦✇♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❜❡❡t ✐s ❛ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❡♥③②♠❛t✐❝ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ♦❝❝✉r ✇❤❡♥ ❝❡❧❧s ❛r❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ♠✐① ✇✐t❤ P♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❖①✐❞❛s❡ ✭PP❖✮ ❛♥❞ P❡r♦①✐❞❛s❡ ✭P❖✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐sr✉♣t❡❞ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❱■❙ r❡❣✐♦♥✱ t❤✉s ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❬✹✵❪✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆■❘ s♣❡❝tr✉♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ♠♦st ❝❛s❡s ❬✸✽❪✳ ✺✳✵✳✸ ❊❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❚❤✐s st✉❞② s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥✱ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ❛t ✐♥✲ ✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝✉r✈❡✱ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡②❡✳ ❋r♦♠ ❛❧❧ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✱ ♦♥❧② t❤♦s❡ ❛t ✺✽✽✲✱ ✼✶✹✲ ❛♥❞ ✼✶✼✲♥♠ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❡❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛✳ ❈❤❛♥❣❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❛✈✐t② ❛t ✺✽✽ ♥♠ ❛r❡ ✺✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✺✳ ❉■❙❈❯❙❙■❖◆ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣✐❣♠❡♥ts r❛t✐♦✱ ❛♥t❤♦❝②❛♥✐♥s✱ ❝❛r♦t❡♥♦✐❞s✱ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛ ❛♥❞ ❜ ❬✶✾❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ♦❢ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② ❧❡❛❢ str✉❝t✉r❡✱ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❛✈✐t② ❢r♦♠ ✉♣✇❛r❞ t♦ ❞♦✇♥✇❛r❞ ❛t ✼✶✹ ❛♥❞ ✼✶✼ ♥♠ ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♦❧❞ ❧❡❛✈❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❧❡❛❢ ❝♦❧❧❛♣s❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♥tr❛st ♦❢ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥ ❛❢✲ ❢❡❝t❡❞ t✐ss✉❡ ❢r♦♠ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❛r❡ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ❜② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧✲ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐s♣❡❝tr❛❧✲✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❝❛♥♦♣② ❛♥❞ ✜❡❧❞ s❝❛❧❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢❛✐❧❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ s♣❡❝✲ tr❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❧❡❛❢ ②❡❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❬✷✵✱ ✷✷✕✷✹❪✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ ❛ ❝❛♥♦♣② s❝❛❧❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❤♦✇ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❤❛s ♠♦r❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ ❧❛♠✐♥❛ ❢♦r ❘❘❈❘ ❡❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬✷✷❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛♥❞ ❛t ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❛♣s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❛❢ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❈❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤✐s ❜❛♥❞ st❛rts t❤❡ ◆■❘ ♣❧❛t❡❛✉ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✭✽✵✵✲✶✹✵✵ ♥♠✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❤✐❣❤❧② ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❬✸✽❪✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r st✉❞✐❡s ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣♦✐♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s♦✐❧✲❜♦r♥❡ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ✐♥✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣♦✐♥t ✐s ♥♦t r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❢♦r ❡❛r❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ s❤♦✇❡❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t❤❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❆ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st t✇♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤ t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❧❛ss ✭❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ❣✐✈❡♥ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❝❤♦s❡ ♦❢ s✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ❢♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✉♥♣r❡❝✐s❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✲❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❬✹✶❪✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ❜② s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛♥ r❡❞✉❝❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦rs✳ ▲✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡tt❡r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t❤❛♥ r❛❞✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❆ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❞❛t❛ ✐s ♥♦t ❧✐♥❡❛r❧② s❡♣✲ ❛r❛❜❧❡ ❬✹✶❪✳ ❚❤❡ t❤r❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✽ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡tt❡r ✜t ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧ r❛t✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❝❧❡❛r ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ✶✵ ❞❛✐✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❡❣❛♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛t ✼ ❞❛✐✳ ■♥ ❧♦✇✲ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ r❛t✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✵ ❞❛✐✳ ◆❡✇ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ♣❡t✐♦❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♦❧❞ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ✺✳✵✳✹ ❙✉✐t❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ❜② ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ t❤❛♥ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✲ ✐♥❣✳ ❙❤❛r♣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ t✐ss✉❡ ✇❡r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♠❡❛♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✇❛s ♥♦t t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇♦t❤ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✐♥ ✐♥♥❡r ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❜❡❡t t✐ss✉❡ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡①❡s s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛t ✼✶✶ ♥♠ ✐s ♠♦r❡ s❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❛❢t❡r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ✐♥❢❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚♦ ✉♥✲ ❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤✐s s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐t②✱ t✇♦ ❛s♣❡❝ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✿ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✐♥❢❡❝✲ ✺✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✺✳ ❉■❙❈❯❙❙■❖◆ t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✱ ❢r♦♠ ♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❤②♣❤❛❧ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡ ❬✹✷❪ ❛♥❞ ❡♥③②♠❛t✐❝ ❜r♦✇♥✐♥❣ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❛❢t❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ❬✹✵❪✳ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❜❛♥❞s ❛t ✹✺✶ ♥♠ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛t ✾✺✵ ♥♠ ❢♦r ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ✇❡r❡ ❧❡ss ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ t✐ss✉❡s✳ ▲♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② t❤❛♥ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ t❤❡ tr❡♥❞ ✇❛s ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✳ ■♥ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s st✉❞② ♦♥ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s✱ ✐t ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❤♦✇ ❘✳ s♦❧❛♥✐ ❆● ✷✲✷■■■❇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❜❧❡♥❞✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ❞❡♥s✐t✐❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ♠②❝❡❧✐❛❧ ❛r❡❛ ✐♥ P❉❆ ♠❡❞✐✉♠✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ st✉❞② r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✷ ❛♥❞ ✽ ♠❣✴♠❧ ♦❢ ♠②❝❡❧✐✉♠✱ t❤❡ s❡✈❡r✐t② ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s❝♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ❘❘❈❘ r❛t✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❛t ❡❧❡✈❛t❡❞ ♠②❝❡❧✐✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ❬✹✸❪✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧②✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡♣t❤ ♦❢ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❛✛❡❝ts ♠♦r❡ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❧❡❛✈❡s t❤❛♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r s②st❡♠✳ ❊❛❝❤ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r r✐♥❣ ✐s ✐♥ ❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❬✹✹❪✳ ❚❤✐s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s ✇❤② ❙❱▼✲ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❧❡❛❢✲r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❬✹✹❪✱ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✐♥ ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❧❡s✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r s②st❡♠✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥✱ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s t❤❛t ❛✛❡❝t t❤✐s ✉♥❞❡r❣r♦✉♥❞✲s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈✐r✉❧❡♥❝❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❘✳ s♦❧❛♥✐ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜❧❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✳ ✺✹ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✉s❡❞ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥ts t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❤②✲ ♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡♥s♦rs t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❧❛♥t s❝❛❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t ❱■❙◆■❘✲✐♠❛❣❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥t✲♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❢✉t✉r❡ st✉❞✐❡s t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❤❡♥♦t②♣✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❝r♦♣ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s✳ • ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t ❧❡❛❢✲ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t✲ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✱ r❡❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡st ❢r♦♠ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ • ❉✉r✐♥❣ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱ ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✇❛s ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❛t ✻✵✵✲✼✵✵ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✼✸✵✲✾✺✵ ♥♠✱ ✇✐t❤ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✼✸✵✲✾✺✵ ♥♠✳ • ❇❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❝❤❛r✲ ❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✳ ▲♦✇ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❡①❤✐❜✐t❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st r❛♣✐❞ ❞❡✲ ❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜❡❡ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❡✛❡❝t ✐♥ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✳ • ▲♦✇✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ t✇♦ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ r❛t✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❤✐❣❤✲✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s t❤r❡❡ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❧❡❛❢ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ • Pr❡❝✐s❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t r❛t✐♥❣ ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛t ✼✶✶ ♥♠✳ ✺✺ ✼ ❆❜str❛❝t ❚❤❡ s♦✐❧✲❜♦r♥❡ ❢✉♥❣❛❧ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s✐s ❣r♦✉♣ ✷✲✷■■■❇ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡✳ ■♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✱ ❝r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ r♦♦t r♦t ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤✐s ❢✉♥❣✉s ❛r❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧② r❡❝♦❣♥✐s❡❞ ❧❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r♦♣♣✐♥❣ s❡❛s♦♥ ❜② r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡❣r♦✉♥❞ s②♠♣t♦♠s✳ ❚♦ ❡✈❛❧✉✲ ❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡✱ ❡✐❣❤t✲✇❡❡❦s✲♦❧❞ ♣❧❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❧♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ❱■❙✲◆■❘ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✭✹✵✵✲✶✵✵ ♥♠✮ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛❢ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡❛❢ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s✱ ❜❡s✐❞❡s t❤❛t✱ ❜❡❡t ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ t❛❦❡♥ ❛❢t❡r ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✳ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♠✲ ❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✳ ❋r♦♠ ❧❡❛❢✲✐♠❛❣❡s✱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❜❛♥❞s ❢♦r ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭P❈❆✮❀ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝❧❛ss✐❢② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ ♣❧❛♥ts t❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛✲ ❝❤✐♥❡ ✭❙❱▼✮✳ ❋r♦♠ ❜❡❡t✲✐♠❛❣❡s✱ ❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐♥❞❡① ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥s ✻✵✵✲✼✵✵ ♥♠ ❛♥❞ ✼✸✵✲✾✺✵ ♥♠✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❛♥❞ t❤r❡❡ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ s②♠♣t♦♠s ❛♣♣❡❛r ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ ❤②♣❡r✲ s♣❡❝tr❛❧✳ ❇❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✐♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❛t✐♥❣ ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❜❡❡t r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛t ✼✶✶ ♥♠✳ ✺✻ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❬✶❪ ❬✷❪ ❈♦♦❦❡ ❙❝♦tt ✱ ❉✳ ❆✳ ❀ ✱ ❘✳ ❑✳✿ ❚❤❡ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t ❈r♦♣✳ ❉♦r❞r❡❝❤t ✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✱ ✶✾✾✸ ✭❲♦r❧❞ ❈r♦♣ ❙❡r✐❡s✮✳ ✕ ■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✕✾✹✕✵✵✾✕✵✸✼✸✕✾ ❙♠✐t✱ ❆✳ ❇✳ ❀ ❏♦♥❣❡♥❡❡❧✱ ❘✳ ❆✳ ❀ Pr✐♥s✱ ❍✳ ❀ ❏❛❣❡r✱ ❏✳ ❍✳ ❀ ❍❡♥♥❡♥✱ ❲✳❍✳●✳❏✳✿ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❊❯ s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❣r♦✇✐♥❣✿ ▼♦r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❧♦✇❡r ♣r✐❝❡s✳ ❲❛❣❡♥✐♥❣❡♥ ✿ ❲❛❣❡♥✐♥❣❡♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✷✵✶✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✽✶✼✹✴✹✸✵✵✸✾✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳ ✶✽✶✼✹✴✹✸✵✵✸✾ ❬✸❪ ▼❛r❧❛♥❞❡r✱ ❇✳ ❀ ❍♦❢❢♠❛♥♥✱ ❈✳ ❀ ❑♦❝❤✱ ❍✳✲❏✳ ❀ ▲❛❞❡✇✐❣✱ ❊✳ ❀ ▼❡r❦❡s✱ ❘✳ ❀ P❡t❡rs❡♥✱ ❏✳ ❀ ❙t♦❝❦❢✐s❝❤✱ ◆✳✿ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❙✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❨✐❡❧❞ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t ❈r♦♣ ✐♥ ●❡r♠❛♥②✿ ❍❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❙✉st❛✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ■♥✿ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠② ❛♥❞ ❈r♦♣ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✶✽✾ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❛✉❣✱ ◆r✳ ✹✱ ✷✵✶✕✷✷✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✹✻✴❥✳✶✹✸✾✲✵✸✼①✳✷✵✵✸✳✵✵✵✸✺✳ ①✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✹✻✴❥✳✶✹✸✾✕✵✸✼①✳✷✵✵✸✳✵✵✵✸✺✳① ❬✹❪ ❲♦❧❢✱ P❋❏ ❀ ❱❡rr❡❡t✱ ❏❆✿ ❬✺❪ ❏❛❝♦❜s❡♥✱ ❇❛rr② ❏✳✿ ❆♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♣❡st ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❢✉♥❣❛❧ ❧❡❛❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✿ ❚❤❡ ■P▼ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥✿ P❧❛♥t ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ✽✻ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ◆r✳ ✹✱ ❙✳ ✸✸✻✕✸✹✹ ❘♦♦t r♦t ❞✐s❡❛s❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ■♥✿ ❩❜♦r♥✐❦ ▼❛t✐❝❡ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✶✵✱ ❙✳ ✾✕✶✾ sr♣s❦❡ ③❛ ♣r✐r♦❞♥❡ ♥❛✉❦❡ ❬✻❪ ●❛❧❧✐❛♥✱ ❏✳✿ ❬✼❪ ❲✐♥❞❡❧s✱ ❈❛r♦❧ ❊✳ ❀ ❑✉③♥✐❛✱ ❘✐t❛ ❆✳ ❀ ❈❛❧❧✱ ❏❛❝❦✿ ❬✽❪ ❋ü❤r❡r ■t❤✉rr❛rt✱ ❬✾❪ ❆❣r✐♦s✱ ●❡♦r❣❡ ◆✳✿ ❬✶✵❪ ❇❛rt❤♦❧♦♠ä✉s✱ ❆♥✐❦❛ ❀ ▼✐tt❧❡r✱ ❙t❡❢❛♥ ❀ ▼är❧ä♥❞❡r✱ ❇❡r♥✇❛r❞ ❀ ❱❛rr❡❧♠❛♥♥✱ ▼❛r❦✿ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❙✉❣❛r❜❡❡t ❘♦♦t ❘♦ts✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳ ❝❛❧s✳✉✐❞❛❤♦✳❡❞✉✴❡❞❝♦♠♠✴♣❞❢✴P◆❲✴P◆❲✵✺✸✽✳♣❞❢ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥✐❝✐t② ♦❢ ❚❤❛♥❛t❡♣❤♦r✉s ❝✉❝✉♠❡r✐s ❢r♦♠ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ✐♥ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✳ ■♥✿ P❧❛♥t ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ✽✶ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ❙✳ ✷✹✺✕✷✹✾ ▼❛rí❛ ❊✳✿ ❆✉s ❞❡♠ ■♥st✐t✉t ❢ür ❩✉❝❦❡rrü❜❡♥✲ ❢♦rs❝❤✉♥❣✱ ●ött✐♥❣❡♥✳ ❇❞✳ ✶✽✿ ◆❛❝❤✇❡✐s ✉♥❞ ❈❤❛r❛❦t❡r✐s✐❡r✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ❘❤✐③♦❝✲ t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✭❑Ü❍◆✮✱ ❞❡♠ ❊rr❡❣❡r ❞❡r s♣ät❡♥ ❘ü❜❡♥❢ä✉❧❡ ❛♥ ❩✉❝❦❡rrü❜❡♥ ✳ ✶✳ ❆✉✢✳ ●ött✐♥❣❡♥ ✿ ❈✉✈✐❧❧✐❡r✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ✕ ■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✸✽✾✽✼✸✾✶✺✸ P❧❛♥t ♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣②✳ ✺✳ ❡❞✳✱ ✹✳ ♣r✐♥t✳ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♠ ✿ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r ❆❝❛❞✳ Pr❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✾✱ ✷✵❬✵✾✳ ✕ ■❙❇◆ ✵✶✷✵✹✹✺✻✺✹ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❋✉♥❣✐❝✐❞❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P❧❛♥t ❈✉❧t✐✈❛r ♦♥ ■♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ P♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙♦✐❧✳ ■♥✿ P❧❛♥t ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ✶✵✶ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ◆r✳ ✻✱ ❙✳ ✾✹✶✕✾✹✼✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✾✶✕✷✾✶✼ ✺✼ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❬✶✶❪ ❬✶✷❪ ❬✶✸❪ ❙♥❡❤✱ ❇❛r✉❝❤✿ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♣❡❝✐❡s✿ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠②✱ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❜✐♦❧♦❣②✱ ❡❝♦❧♦❣②✱ ♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✴ ❡❞✐t❡❞ ❜② ❇❛r✉❝❤ ❙♥❡❤ ✳✳✳ ❬❡t ❛❧✳❪✳ ❉♦r❞r❡❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ✿ ❑❧✉✇❡r ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✕ ■❙❇◆ ✵✼✾✷✸✸✻✹✹✺ ♥♦s✐s✳ ◆❛r❛②❛♥❛s❛♠②✱ P✳✿ ▼✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s✲❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ ❞✐❛❣✲ ❉♦r❞r❡❝❤t ✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ✕ ■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✾✵✹✽✶✾✼✸✺✹ ❩❡♥s ❀ ■r❡♥❡ ❀ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ❀ ❯❧r✐❦❡ ❀ ❉❡❤♥❡ ❀ ❍❡✐♥③✲❲✿ ❆✉❢tr❡t❡♥✱ ❈❤❛r❛❦t❡r✐s✐❡r✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ ❑♦♥tr♦❧❧❡ ❞❡s ❊rr❡❣❡rs ❞❡r ❘ü❜❡♥❢ä✉❧❡✱ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦✲ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❜♦♥♥❞♦❝✳✉❧❜✳✉♥✐✲❜♦♥♥✳❞❡✴ ①♠❧✉✐✴❤❛♥❞❧❡✴✷✵✳✺✵✵✳✶✶✽✶✶✴✶✶✼✻✳ ❱❡rs✐♦♥✿ ✷✵✵✷ ♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐✱ ✐♥ ◆♦r❞r❤❡✐♥✲❲❡st❢❛❧❡♥✳ ❬✶✹❪ ❲✐♥❞❡❧s✱ ❈ ❀ ▼❛❝r❛❡✱ ■❛♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦✲ ♥✐❛ ❈r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❘♦♦t ❘♦t ✐♥ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ♦♥ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❈♦♥t❡♥t✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ✶✵ ❬✶✺❪ ❙t❡❢❛♥ ❀ ❑✉s❦❛✱ ▼❛t❤❡✉s ❚✳ ❀ ❇♦❤♥❡♥❦❛♠♣✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❀ ❇r✉❣✲ ❆♥♥❛ ❀ ❆❧✐s❛❛❝✱ ❊❧✐❛s ❀ ❲❛❤❛❜③❛❞❛✱ ▼✐r✇❛❡s ❀ ❇❡❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❏❛♥ ❀ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥✱ ❆♥♥❡✲❑❛tr✐♥✿ ❇❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♣❧❛♥t ❞✐s✲ ❡❛s❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ❆ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ■♥✿ ❏♦✉r✲ ♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❧❛♥t ❉✐s❡❛s❡s ❛♥❞ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✶✷✺ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ❙✳ ✺✕✷✵✳ ❤tt♣✿ ✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴s✹✶✸✹✽✲✵✶✼✲✵✶✷✹✲✻✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴s✹✶✸✹✽✕✵✶✼✕ ✵✶✷✹✕✻✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✶✽✻✶✕✸✽✷✾ ❬✶✻❪ ❇♦❝❦✱ ❈✳ ❍✳ ❀ P♦♦❧❡✱ ●✳ ❍✳ ❀ P❛r❦❡r✱ P✳ ❊✳ ❀ ●♦tt✇❛❧❞✱ ❚✳ ❘✳✿ P❧❛♥t ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ❙❡✈❡r✐t② ❊st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❱✐s✉❛❧❧②✱ ❜② ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ P❤♦t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ■♠❛❣❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❛♥❞ ❜② ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❘❡✈✐❡✇s ✐♥ P❧❛♥t ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ✷✾ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ✺✾✕✶✵✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴ ✵✼✸✺✷✻✽✶✵✵✸✻✶✼✷✽✺✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✼✸✺✷✻✽✶✵✵✸✻✶✼✷✽✺ ❬✶✼❪ ❇❡❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❑❡❧✈✐♥ ❀ ❊♠✐♥✱ ❉③❤❛♥❡r ❀ ❇❡♥♥❡rt③✱ ❙✐✲ ❙❤✐③✉❡ ❀ ❚❤♦♠❛s✱ ❙t❡❢❛♥ ❀ ❇♦❤♥❡♥❦❛♠♣✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❀ ❑✉s❦❛✱ ▼❛t❤❡✉s ❚✳ ❀ ❏✉ss✐❧❛✱ ❏♦✉♥✐ ❀ ❙❛❧♦✱ ❍❛rr✐ ❀ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥✱ ❆♥♥❡✲ ❑❛tr✐♥ ❀ ❘❛s❝❤❡r✱ ❯✇❡✿ ❙♣❡❝✐♠ ■◗✿ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ◆❡✇✱ ▼✐♥✐❛t✉r✐③❡❞ ❍❛♥❞❤❡❧❞ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❈❛♠❡r❛ ❛♥❞ ■ts ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r P❧❛♥t P❤❡♥♦t②♣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❙❡♥s♦rs ✭❇❛s❡❧✱ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✮ ✶✽ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✸✸✾✵✴s✶✽✵✷✵✹✹✶✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✸✸✾✵✴s✶✽✵✷✵✹✹✶ ❬✶✽❪ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥✱ ❆✳✲❑✳ ❀ ❙t❡✐♥❡r✱ ❯✳ ❀ ❉❡❤♥❡✱ ❍✳✲❲✳ ❀ ❖❡r❦❡✱ ❊✳✲❈✳✿ ❙♣❡❝✲ tr❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❧❡❛✈❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✳ ■♥✿ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✶✶ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ◆r✳ ✹✱ ❙✳ ✹✶✸✕✹✸✶✳ ❤tt♣✿ ✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴s✶✶✶✶✾✲✵✶✵✲✾✶✽✵✲✼✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴s✶✶✶✶✾✕✵✶✵✕ ✾✶✽✵✕✼✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✶✸✽✺✕✷✷✺✻ ❬✶✾❪ ❍✳ ❀ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❏✳ ▼✳✿ ▲❡❛❢ P✐❣♠❡♥t ❈♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❱❡rs✐♦♥✿ ✷✵✶✽✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴ ❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❇✾✼✽✲✵✲✶✷✲✹✵✾✺✹✽✲✾✳✶✵✺✹✼✲✵✳ ■♥✿ ❈♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣✳ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r✱ ✷✵✶✽✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❇✾✼✽✕✵✕✶✷✕✹✵✾✺✹✽✕✾✳✶✵✺✹✼✕ ✵✳ ✕ ■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✵✶✷✽✵✸✷✷✶✸✱ ❙✳ ✶✶✼✕✶✹✷ ❬✷✵❪ ❍✐❧❧♥❤ütt❡r✱ ❚❤♦♠❛s✱ ❣❡r✱ ♠♦♥ ❀ ❏❛♥ ❀ ❆❝❡❜r♦♥✱ ▼❛ts✉❜❛r❛✱ ❈r♦❢t✱ ❈✳ ❀ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥✱ ❆✳✲❑✳ ❀ ❙✐❦♦r❛✱ ❘✳ ❆✳ ❀ ❖❡r❦❡✱ ❊✳✲❈✳✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ♣❧❛♥t str❡ss ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❍❡t❡r♦❞❡r❛ s❝❤❛❝❤t✐✐ ❛♥❞ ✺✽ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ✜❡❧❞s✳ ■♥✿ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❈r♦♣s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✶✷✷ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ❙✳ ✼✵✕✼✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳❢❝r✳✷✵✶✶✳✵✷✳✵✵✼✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳❢❝r✳✷✵✶✶✳✵✷✳✵✵✼✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✸✼✽✹✷✾✵ ❬✷✶❪ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥✱ ❆♥♥❡✲❑❛tr✐♥✿ ❬✷✷❪ ❍✐❧❧♥❤ütt❡r✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❀ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥✱ ❆♥♥❡✲❑❛t❤r✐♥ ❀ ❙✐❦♦r❛✱ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❆✳ ❀ ❖❡r❦❡✱ ❊r✐❝❤✲❈❤r✐st✐❛♥✿ ❯s❡ ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣② t♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ P❧❛♥t ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙❡♥s♦rs ✕ P❛r✲ ❛❧❧❡❧s ❛♥❞ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❉❡♠❛♥❞s ❢♦r Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ P❧❛♥t P❤❡♥♦t②♣✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ P❧❛♥t ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ✶✵✵ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ❙✳ ✷✹✶✕✷✺✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳ ✶✵✾✹✴P❉■❙✲✵✸✲✶✺✲✵✸✹✵✲❋❊✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✾✹✴P❉■❙✕✵✸✕✶✺✕✵✸✹✵✕❋❊✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✾✶✕✷✾✶✼ s②♠♣t♦♠s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❍❡t❡r♦❞❡r❛ s❝❤❛❝❤t✐✐ ❛♥❞ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ♦♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ■♥✿ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✶✸ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ❙✳ ✶✼✕✸✷✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳ ♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴s✶✶✶✶✾✲✵✶✶✲✾✷✸✼✲✷✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴s✶✶✶✶✾✕✵✶✶✕✾✷✸✼✕✷✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✶✸✽✺✕✷✷✺✻ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ❀ ❲✐♥❞❡❧s✱ ❈ ❀ ▼❛❝r❛❡✱ ■❛♥ ❀ ▲❛❣✉❡tt❡✱ ❙♦✐③✐❦✿ ❬✷✸❪ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝✲ tr❛❧ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❝r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ r♦♦t r♦t ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ■♥✿ P❤②t♦♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣② ✾✾ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ✵✶✱ ❙✳ s✶✵✽ ❬✷✹❪ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s✱ ▲❛❣✉❡tt❡✱ ❬✷✺❪ ❈❤❛♥❞❛✱ ❆s❤♦❦ ❀ ▼❛❝r❛❡✱ ■❛♥ ❀ ❇❛❦❡r✱ ❚✐♠♦t❤② ❀ ❘ ❇r❛♥t♥❡r✱ ❏❛s♦♥ ❀ ❉✉❞②❝❤❛✱ ◆✐❝♦❧❡✿ ❘❊▼❖❚❊ ❙❊◆❙■◆● ❋❖❘ ❉❊❚❊❈❚■❖◆ ❖❋ ❘❍■✲ ●r❡❣♦r② ❏✳ ❀ ❲✐♥❞❡❧s✱ ❈❛r♦❧ ❊✳ ❀ ▼❛❝❘❛❡✱ ■❛♥ ❱✳ ❀ ❙♦✐③✐❦✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❝r♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ r♦♦t r♦t s❡✈❡r✐t② ✐♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✸✻t❤ ❇✐❡♥♥✐❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣✱ ❆❙❙❇❚✱ ♠❛r ✷✵✶✶ ❩❖❈❚❖◆■❆ ❈❘❖❲◆ ❆◆❉ ❘❖❖❚ ❘❖❚ ❖❋ ❙❯●❆❘❇❊❊❚✳ ✹✽ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ✵✶ ❬✷✻❪ ❬✷✼❪ ❲✐♥♥❡r✱ ❈ ❀ ❇ür❝❦②✱ ❑✿ ❱❡rs✉❝❤❡ ③✉r ❇❡❞❡✉t✉♥❣ ❞❡s ◆ä❤rst♦✛❛♥❣❡❜♦t❡s ❢ür ❞✐❡ ◗✉❛❧✐tät ❞❡r ❩✉❝❦❡rrü❜❡✳ ■✳ ▼❛❦r♦♥ä❤rst♦✛❡ ✭●❡❢äÿ✈❡rs✉❝❤❡✮✳ ■♥✿ ❩✉❝❦❡r ✸✵ ✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ ✵✶✱ ❙✳ ✺✽✶✕✺✽✾ ❚✉s③②♥s❦✐✱ ❏❛r❡❦✿ ❝❛❚♦♦❧s✿ ❚♦♦❧s✿ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❞♦✇ st❛t✐st✐❝s✱ ●■❋✱ ❇❛s❡✻✹✱ ✱ ✷✵✶✽✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❈❘❆◆✳❘✲♣r♦❥❡❝t✳♦r❣✴♣❛❝❦❛❣❡❂❝❛❚♦♦❧s✳ ✕ ❘ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✶✳✶✼✳✶✳✶ ❘❖❈ ❆❯❈✱ ❡t❝✳ ❬✷✽❪ ❙✉♥✱ ❉❛✲❲❡♥✿ ❬✷✾❪ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs✿ ❬✸✵❪ ●♦✇❡♥✱ ❆✳❆✳✿ ✳ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❢♦♦❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r✱ ✷✵✶✵ ✱ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴r✲❢♦r❣❡✳ s✐❣♥❛❧✿ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ r✲♣r♦❥❡❝t✳♦r❣✴♣r♦❥❡❝ts✴s✐❣♥❛❧✴ ◆■❘ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛❣❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❯s✐♥❣ ❘✳ P❛rt ✹✿ Pr❡✲ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥✿ ◆■❘ ♥❡✇s ✷✺ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❛✉❣✱ ◆r✳ ✺✱ ✷✾✕✸✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✷✺✺✴♥✐r♥✳✶✹✻✸✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✷✺✺✴♥✐r♥✳✶✹✻✸ ✺✾ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❬✸✶❪ ▼♦❣❤✐♠✐✱ ❆❧✐ ❀ ❨❛♥❣✱ ❈❡ ❀ ▼✐❧❧❡r✱ ▼❛r✐s❛ ❊✳ ❀ ❑✐❛♥✐❛♥✱ ❙❤❛❤r②❛r ❋✳ ❀ ▼❛r❝❤❡tt♦✱ P❡t❡r ▼✳✿ ❆ ◆♦✈❡❧ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❆ss❡ss ❙❛❧t ❙tr❡ss ❚♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❲❤❡❛t ❯s✐♥❣ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ ❋r♦♥t✐❡rs ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✾ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ❙✳ ✶✶✽✷✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✸✸✽✾✴❢♣❧s✳✷✵✶✽✳✵✶✶✽✷✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✸✸✽✾✴❢♣❧s✳✷✵✶✽✳✵✶✶✽✷ ❬✸✷❪ ❏❡❞ ❲✐♥❣✱ ▼❛① ❑✉❤♥✳ ❈✳ ❀ ❲❡st♦♥✱ ❙t❡✈❡ ❀ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s✱ ❆♥❞r❡ ❀ ❑❡❡❢❡r✱ ❈❤r✐s ❀ ❊♥❣❡❧❤❛r❞t✱ ❆❧❧❛♥ ❀ ❈♦♦♣❡r✱ ❚♦♥② ❀ ▼❛②❡r✱ ❩❛❝❤❛r② ❀ ❑❡♥❦❡❧✱ ❇r❡♥t♦♥ ❀ ❘ ❈♦r❡ ❚❡❛♠ t❤❡ ❀ ❇❡♥❡st②✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❀ ▲❡s❝❛r❜❡❛✉✱ ❘❡②♥❛❧❞ ❀ ❩✐❡♠✱ ❆♥❞r❡✇ ❀ ❙❝r✉❝❝❛✱ ▲✉❝❛ ❀ ❚❛♥❣✱ ❨✉❛♥ ❀ ❈❛♥❞❛♥✱ ❈❛♥ ❀ ❍✉♥t✳✱ ❚②❧❡r✿ ❝❛r❡t✿ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❚r❛✐♥✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✽✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❈❘❆◆✳ ❘✲♣r♦❥❡❝t✳♦r❣✴♣❛❝❦❛❣❡❂❝❛r❡t✳ ✕ ❘ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✻✳✵✲✽✵ ❬✸✸❪ ❇✉tt♥❡r✱ ❬✸✹❪ ◗✐✱ ❬✸✺❪ ❘♦♥❞❡❛✉①✱ ❬✸✻❪ ❘♦✉s❡ ❏r✱ ❏❴❲ ❀ ❍❛❛s✱ ❘❍ ❀ ❙❝❤❡❧❧✱ ❏❆ ❀ ❉❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ❉❲✿ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ●r❡❛t P❧❛✐♥s ✇✐t❤ ❊❘❚❙✳ ✭✶✾✼✹✮ ❬✸✼❪ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞s♦♥✱ ❬✸✽❪ ❖❧❧✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙✳ ❱✳✿ ❙♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ❝❛♥♦♣② r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r✲ ❣❡♥t ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ■♥✿ ◆❡✇ P❤②t♦❧♦❣✐st ✶✽✾ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♥♦✈✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ✸✼✺✕ ✸✾✹✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✶✶✴❥✳✶✹✻✾✲✽✶✸✼✳✷✵✶✵✳✵✸✺✸✻✳①✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✶✶✶✴❥✳✶✹✻✾✕✽✶✸✼✳✷✵✶✵✳✵✸✺✸✻✳① ❬✸✾❪ ❆rts❝❤✇❛❣❡r✱ ❊r♥st✿ ❆♥❛t♦♠② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❡ ♦r❣❛♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t✳ ❯❙ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t Pr✐♥t✐♥❣ ❖✣❝❡✱ ✶✾✷✻ ❬✹✵❪ ❊s❝r✐❜❛♥♦✱ ❏♦s❡❢❛ ❀ ●❛♥❞í❛✲❍❡rr❡r♦✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❀ ❈❛❜❛❧❧❡r♦✱ ◆✉r✐❛ ❀ P❡❞r❡ñ♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆✳✿ ❙✉❜❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐s♦❡♥③②♠❡ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♦❢ ♣❡r✲ ♦①✐❞❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ♦①✐❞❛s❡ ✐♥ ❜❡❡t r♦♦t ✭❇❡t❛ ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ▲✳✮✳ ■♥✿ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❋♦♦❞ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ✺✵ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✶✱ ❙✳ ✻✶✷✸✕✻✶✷✾ ❬✹✶❪ ●❤♦❧❛♠✐✱ ●✳ ❀ P❢❛❤❧❡r✱ ❇✳ ❀ ▼❛r❧❛♥❞❡r✱ ❇✳✿ ●r❡❡♥❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ✜❡❧❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r t❡st✐♥❣ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❢♦r r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t ❛♥❞ ❝r♦✇♥ r♦t✳ ■♥✿ P❧❛♥t ❇r❡❡❞✐♥❣ ✶✷✸ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ❙✳ ✶✺✽✕✶✻✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴ ❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✹✻✴❥✳✶✹✸✾✲✵✺✷✸✳✷✵✵✸✳✵✵✾✻✼✳①✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✹✻✴❥✳✶✹✸✾✕ ✵✺✷✸✳✷✵✵✸✳✵✵✾✻✼✳①✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✼✾✕✾✺✹✶ ❏✐❛❣✉♦ ❀ ❈❤❡❤❜♦✉♥✐✱ ❆❜❞❡❧❣❤❛♥✐ ❀ ❍✉❡t❡✱ ❆❘ ❀ ❑❡rr✱ ❨❍ ❀ ❙♦r♦♦s❤✐❛♥✱ ❙♦r♦♦s❤✿ ❆ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ s♦✐❧ ❛❞❥✉st❡❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡①✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡✲ ♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✹✽ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ❙✳ ✶✶✾✕✶✷✻ ●❡♥❡✈✐è✈❡ ❀ ❙t❡✈❡♥✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❀ ❇❛r❡t✱ ❋ré❞ér✐❝✿ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✐❧✲❛❞❥✉st❡❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✺✺ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ❙✳ ✾✺✕✶✵✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✾✺✮ ✵✵✶✽✻✲✼✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✾✺✮✵✵✶✽✻✕✼✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✹✹✷✺✼ ❆rt❤✉r ❏✳ ❀ ❲✐❡❣❛♥❞✱ ❈▲✿ ❉✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ s♦✐❧ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ P❤♦t♦❣r❛♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ✹✸ ✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✷✱ ❙✳ ✶✺✹✶✕✶✺✺✷ ❘❛♦♦❢ ❀ ❋❛❦❤❛r✐✱ ◆✐❦♦♦✿ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s✱ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥✿ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❊❧s❡✲ ✈✐❡r✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❙✳ ✺✶✺✕✺✸✺ ✻✵ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❬✹✷❪ ❬✹✸❪ ❘✉♣♣❡❧✱ ❊●✿ ❍✐st♦♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❘❡s✐st❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❙✉s❝❡♣t✐❜❧❡ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t ❘♦♦ts✳ ■♥✿ P❤②t♦♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣② ❇❡r❞✉❣♦✱ ❈✳ ❆✳✿ ✻✸ ✭✶✾✼✸✮✱ ❙✳ ✶✷✸✕✶✷✻ ❊st❛❜❧✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ s❝r❡❡♥✐♥❣ t❡st ❢♦r r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t t♦ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ s♦❧❛♥✐ ❆● ✷✲✷■■■❇ ❛♥❞ ❆● ✹✳ ♦❢ ❇♦♥♥✱ ❉✐ss✳✱ ✷✵✵✾ ❬✹✹❪ ❇♦♥♥✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❙t✐❡❜❡r✱ ❏✳ ❀ ❇❡r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❍✳✿ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❆♠♦♥❣ ▲❡❛✈❡s✱ ❘♦♦ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❙t♦r❛❣❡ ❚✐ss✉❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙✉❣❛r ❇❡❡t✳ ■♥✿ ❇♦t❛♥✐❝❛❧ ●❛③❡tt❡ ✶✹✺ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✱ ❞❡❝✱ ◆r✳ ✹✱ ✹✻✺✕✹✼✸✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✻✴✸✸✼✹✽✵✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✻✴✸✸✼✹✽✵ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥✱ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦ ❈❤✐✈❦✉♥♦✈❛ ❬✹✺❪ ❆♥❛t♦❧② ❆✳ ❀ ✱ ▼❛r❦ ◆✳ ❀ ✱ ❖❧❣❛ ❇✳✿ ❖♣t✐❝❛❧ Pr♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥❞❡str✉❝t✐✈❡ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆♥t❤♦❝②❛♥✐♥ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ P❧❛♥t ▲❡❛✈❡s✳ ■♥✿ P❤♦t♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ P❤♦t♦❜✐♦❧♦❣② ✼✹ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ❙✳ ✸✽✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✺✻✷✴✵✵✸✶✲✽✻✺✺✭✷✵✵✶✮✵✼✹✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✺✻✷✴✵✵✸✶✕ ✽✻✺✺✭✷✵✵✶✮✵✼✹✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✶✕✽✻✺✺ ❬✹✻❪ ✱ P✳ ❀ ✱ ❆✳ ❀ ✱ ❘✳ ❀ ✱ ❏✳ ❀ ✱ P✳ ❀ ✱ ❱✳ ❀ ✱ ▼✳ ❀ ✱ ❆✳✿ ❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ ✈✐♥❡②❛r❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s✿ ▲❡❛❢ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥♦♣② r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ r♦✇✲str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❝❛♥♦♣②✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✾✾ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ❙✳ ✷✼✶✕✷✽✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳ ❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳rs❡✳✷✵✵✺✳✵✾✳✵✵✷✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳rs❡✳✷✵✵✺✳✵✾✳✵✵✷✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✹✹✷✺✼ ❬✹✼❪ ❩❆❘❈❖❚❊❏❆❉❆ ❇❊❘❏❖◆ ▼❆❘❚■◆ ❈❆❈❍❖❘❘❖ ▲❖P❊❩▲❖❩❆◆❖ ▼■▲▲❊❘ ●❖◆❩❆▲❊❩ ❉❊❋❘❯❚❖❙ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥✱ ❆✳✲❑✳ ❀ ❘✉♠♣❢✱ ❚✳ ❀ ❲❡❧❦❡✱ P✳ ❀ ❉❡❤♥❡✱ ❍✳✲❲✳ ❀ P❧ü♠❡r✱ ▲✳ ❀ ❙t❡✐♥❡r✱ ❯✳ ❀ ❖❡r❦❡✱ ❊✳✲❈✳✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❞❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥t ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✶✷✽ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✷✶✕✸✵✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳rs❡✳✷✵✶✷✳✵✾✳✵✶✾✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳rs❡✳✷✵✶✷✳✵✾✳✵✶✾✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✹✹✷✺✼ ❬✹✽❪ ❬✹✾❪ ❬✺✵❪ ❬✺✶❪ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥✱ ❆♥❛t♦❧② ❆✳ ❀ ❩✉r✱ ❨♦❛✈ ❀ ❈❤✐✈❦✉♥♦✈❛✱ ❖❧❣❛ ❇✳ ❀ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦✱ ▼❛r❦ ◆✳✿ ❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❝❛r♦t❡♥♦✐❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✇✐t❤ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s♣❡❝✲ tr♦s❝♦♣②✳ ■♥✿ P❤♦t♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦t♦❜✐♦❧♦❣② ✼✺ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ❙✳ ✷✼✷✕✷✽✶✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✶✕✽✻✺✺ ❈❛rt❡r✱ ●r❡❣♦r② ❆✳✿ ❘❛t✐♦s ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ♥❛rr♦✇ ✇❛✈❡✲ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t str❡ss✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❘❡✲ ♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✶✺ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ❙✳ ✻✾✼✕✼✵✸✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴ ✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✹✵✽✾✺✹✶✵✾✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✹✵✽✾✺✹✶✵✾✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✹✸✕✶✶✻✶ ❆♣❛♥✱ ❆r♠❛♥❞♦ ❀ ❍❡❧❞✱ ❆❧❡① ❀ P❤✐♥♥✱ ❙t✉❛rt ❀ ▼❛r❦❧❡②✱ ❏♦❤♥✿ ❋♦r♠✉✲ ❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❛rr♦✇✲❜❛♥❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ❊❖✶ ❍②♣❡r✐♦♥ ✐♠❛❣❡r② ❢♦r ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ s✉❣❛r❝❛♥❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✵✾ ▼♦❣❤✐♠✐✱ ❆❧✐ ❀ ❆❣❤❦❤❛♥✐✱ ▼✳❤ ❀ ▼❛❤♠♦♦❞✱ ❘❡③❛ ❀ ●♦❧③❛r✐❛♥✱ ▼❛❤✲ ♠♦♦❞ ❀ ❘♦❤❛♥✐✱ ❆❜❜❛s ❀ ❨❛♥❣✱ ❈❡✿ ❆ ❘♦❜♦✲✈✐s✐♦♥ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❍❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♦❢ ●r❡❡♥ ❇❡❧❧ P❡♣♣❡r✳ ■♥✿ ✷✵✶✺ ❆❙❆❇❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣✱ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs✱ ❥✉❧ ✷✵✶✺ ✻✶ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❬✺✷❪ ❬✺✸❪ ❬✺✹❪ ❬✺✺❪ ✱ ❆✳✿ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ♦✈❡r ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ s❡t ♦❢ ❚▼ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❢♦r ❊❖❙✲▼❖❉■❙✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✺✾ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ❙✳ ✹✹✵✕✹✺✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❙✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✾✻✮✵✵✶✶✷✲✺✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❙✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✾✻✮✵✵✶✶✷✕✺✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✹✹✷✺✼ ❍✉❡t❡ ✱ ❆♥❛t♦❧② ❆✳ ❀ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦✱ ▼❛r❦ ◆✳ ❀ ▲✐❝❤t❡♥t❤❛❧❡r✱ ❍❛rt✲ ♠✉t ❑✳✿ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❡❞ ❊❞❣❡ P♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❜② ❘❡✲ ✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ◆❡❛r ✼✵✵ ♥♠✳ ■♥✿ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ✶✹✽ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ ◆r✳ ✸✲✹✱ ❙✳ ✺✵✶✕✺✵✽✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❙✵✶✼✻✲✶✻✶✼✭✾✻✮ ✽✵✷✽✺✲✾✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❙✵✶✼✻✕✶✻✶✼✭✾✻✮✽✵✷✽✺✕✾✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✼✻✶✻✶✼ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥ ❚✉❝❦❡r✱ ❈✳ ❏✳ ❀ ❊❧❣✐♥✱ ❏✳ ❍✳ ❀ ▼❝▼✉rtr❡②✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❀ ❋❛♥✱ ❈✳ ❏✳✿ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❝♦r♥ ❛♥❞ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ❝r♦♣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❤❛♥❞✲❤❡❧❞ r❛❞✐♦♠❡✲ t❡r s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✽ ✭✶✾✼✾✮✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ❙✳ ✷✸✼✕✷✹✽✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✼✾✮✾✵✵✵✹✲❳✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✼✾✮✾✵✵✵✹✕❳✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✹✹✷✺✼ ✱ ❇✳ ❀ ❱❡rstr❛❡t❡✱ ▼✳ ▼✳✿ ●❊▼■✿ ❆ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥❞❡① t♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦ ✶✵✶ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ❙✳ ✶✺✕✷✵✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴❇❋✵✵✵✸✶✾✶✶✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴❇❋✵✵✵✸✶✾✶✶✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✹✷✕✸✶✵✻ P✐♥t② ❬✺✻❪ ✱ ❆✳ ❆✳ ❀ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦✱ ▼✳ ◆✳✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦r♦✲ ♣❤②❧❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣❧❛♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✶✽ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✷✱ ❙✳ ✷✻✾✶✕✷✻✾✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴ ✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✼✷✶✼✺✺✽✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✼✷✶✼✺✺✽✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✹✸✕✶✶✻✶ ❬✺✼❪ ✱ ❘✉ss❡❧❧ ❀ ❈❤♦✱ ▼♦s❡s ❆✳ ❀ ▼❛t❤✐❡✉✱ ❘❡♥❛✉❞ ❀ ❖✬❑❡♥♥❡❞②✱ ▼❛rt❤❛ ▼✳ ❀ ❘❛♠♦❡❧♦✱ ❆❜❡❧ ❀ ❑♦❝❤✱ ❙✉s❛♥✿ ❆♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ r♦❜✉st s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❧❡❛❢ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ■❙P❘❙ ❏♦✉r✲ ♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❤♦t♦❣r❛♠♠❡tr② ❛♥❞ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✻✻ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ♥♦✈✱ ◆r✳ ✻✱ ✼✺✶✕ ✼✻✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳✐s♣rs❥♣rs✳✷✵✶✶✳✵✽✳✵✵✶✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳✐s♣rs❥♣rs✳✷✵✶✶✳✵✽✳✵✵✶ ❬✺✽❪ ✱ ❆♥❛t♦❧② ❆✳ ❀ ❑❛✉❢♠❛♥✱ ❨♦r❛♠ ❏✳ ❀ ❙t❛r❦✱ ❘♦❜❡rt ❀ ❘✉♥❞q✉✐st✱ ❉♦♥✿ ◆♦✈❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r r❡♠♦t❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡❣❡t❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✽✵ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❛♣r✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ✼✻✕✽✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴s✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✵✶✮✵✵✷✽✾✲✾✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴s✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✵✶✮✵✵✷✽✾✕✾ ❬✺✾❪ ✱ ❘✳✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❢❛st❡r✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✸✹ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ❙✳ ✼✶✕✼✸✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴ ✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✾✵✮✾✵✵✽✺✲❩✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✾✵✮✾✵✵✽✺✕❩✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✸✹✹✷✺✼ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥ ▼❛✐♥ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥ ❈❘■PP❊◆ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❬✻✵❪ ✱ ❊✈❛ ❀ ❙♦❡❣❛❛r❞✱ ❍✳ ❀ ❇r♦❣❡✱ ◆✳ ❀ ❍❛s❛❣❡r✱ ❈✳❇✳ ❀ ❏❡♥s❡♥✱ ◆✳❖✳ ❀ ❙❝❤❡❧❞❡✱ ❑✳ ❀ ❚❤♦♠s❡♥✱ ❆✳✿ ❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ♠✉❧t✐s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r q✉❛♥✲ t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❧❡❛❢ ❛r❡❛ ✐♥❞❡①✱ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✽✶ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❛✉❣✱ ◆r✳ ✷✲✸✱ ✶✼✾✕✶✾✸✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴s✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✵✶✮✵✵✸✹✷✲①✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴s✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✵✶✮✵✵✸✹✷✕① ❇♦❡❣❤ ✻✷ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ▲✐❝❤t❡♥t❤❛❧❡r✱ ❍❛rt♠✉t ❑✳✿ ❬✻✶❪ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❙tr❡ss✿ ❆♥ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❙tr❡ss ❈♦♥❝❡♣t ✐♥ P❧❛♥ts✳ ■♥✿ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ✶✹✽ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✲ ✷✱ ❙✳ ✹✕✶✹✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❙✵✶✼✻✲✶✻✶✼✭✾✻✮✽✵✷✽✼✲✷✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❙✵✶✼✻✕✶✻✶✼✭✾✻✮✽✵✷✽✼✕✷✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✼✻✶✻✶✼ ❬✻✷❪ ▲❛✉❞✐❡♥✱ ❘❛✐♥❡r ❀ ❇❛r❡t❤✱ ●❡♦r❣ ❀ ❉♦❧✉s❝❤✐t③✱ ❘❡✐♥❡r✿ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✜❡❧❞ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❋■❚❆ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❉❡❜r❡❝❡♥✱ ❍✉♥❣❛r② ❇❞✳ ✺✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ❙✳ ✸✼✺✸✽✶ ❬✻✸❪ ❉❛✉❣❤tr②✱ ❈r❛✐❣ ❙✳✿ ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ❈r♦♣ ❘❡s✐❞✉❡s ❢r♦♠ ❙♦✐❧ ❜② ❙❤♦rt✇❛✈❡ ■♥❢r❛r❡❞ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥✿ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠② ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ✾✸ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ❙✳ ✶✷✺✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✷✶✸✹✴❛❣r♦♥❥✷✵✵✶✳✾✸✶✶✷✺①✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✷✶✸✹✴❛❣r♦♥❥✷✵✵✶✳✾✸✶✶✷✺①✳ ✕ ■❙❙◆ ✶✹✸✺✕✵✻✹✺ ❬✻✹❪ ❍❛❜♦✉❞❛♥❡✱ ❬✻✺❪ ❉❛tt✱ ❇✐s✉♥✿ ❆ ◆❡✇ ❘❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ■♥❞❡① ❢♦r ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ❍✐❣❤❡r P❧❛♥ts✿ ❚❡sts ✉s✐♥❣ ❊✉❝❛❧②♣t✉s ▲❡❛✈❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ✶✺✹ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❥❛♥✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ✸✵✕✸✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳ ✶✵✶✻✴s✵✶✼✻✲✶✻✶✼✭✾✾✮✽✵✸✶✹✲✾✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴s✵✶✼✻✕✶✻✶✼✭✾✾✮✽✵✸✶✹✕✾ ❬✻✻❪ ❙✐♠s✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❆✳ ❀ ●❛♠♦♥✱ ❏♦❤♥ ❆✳✿ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❧❡❛❢ ♣✐❣✲ ♠❡♥t ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛❝r♦ss ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ s♣❡❝✐❡s✱ ❧❡❛❢ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t❛❧ st❛❣❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✲ ♠❡♥t ✽✶ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❛✉❣✱ ◆r✳ ✷✲✸✱ ✸✸✼✕✸✺✹✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴ s✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✵✷✮✵✵✵✶✵✲①✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴s✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✵✷✮✵✵✵✶✵✕① ❬✻✼❪ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥✱ ❆♥❛t♦❧② ❀ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦✱ ▼❛r❦ ◆✳✿ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧✲❛ ✉s✐♥❣ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ s♣❡❝tr❛✿ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ❛✉t✉♠♥ ❝❤❡st✲ ♥✉t ❛♥❞ ♠❛♣❧❡ ❧❡❛✈❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❤♦t♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ P❤♦t♦❜✐♦❧♦❣② ❇✿ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ✷✷ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ♠❛r✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ✷✹✼✕✷✺✷✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴ ✶✵✶✶✲✶✸✹✹✭✾✸✮✵✻✾✻✸✲✹✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✶✵✶✶✕✶✸✹✹✭✾✸✮✵✻✾✻✸✕✹ ❬✻✽❪ P❡♥✉❡❧❛s✱ ❏♦s❡♣ ❀ ●❛♠♦♥✱ ❏♦❤♥ ❆✳ ❀ ●r✐❢❢✐♥✱ ❑❡✈✐♥ ▲✳ ❀ ❋✐❡❧❞✱ ❈❤r✐st♦✲ ❬✻✾❪ ❉✿ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♥❣ ❣r❡❡♥ ▲❆■ ♦❢ ❝r♦♣ ❝❛♥♦♣✐❡s✿ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✾✵ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛♣r✱ ◆r✳ ✸✱ ✸✸✼✕✸✺✷✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳rs❡✳✷✵✵✸✳ ✶✷✳✵✶✸✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳rs❡✳✷✵✵✸✳✶✷✳✵✶✸ ♣❤❡r ❇✳✿ ❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② t②♣❡✱ ♣❧❛♥t ❜✐♦♠❛ss✱ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♣♦s✐✲ t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✲ ✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✹✻ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ♥♦✈✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ✶✶✵✕✶✶✽✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✾✸✮✾✵✵✽✽✲❢✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✾✸✮✾✵✵✽✽✕❢ ❇❛r♥❡s✱ ❏✳❉✳ ❀ ❇❛❧❛❣✉❡r✱ ▲✳ ❀ ▼❛♥r✐q✉❡✱ ❊✳ ❀ ❊❧✈✐r❛✱ ❙✳ ❀ ❉❛✈✐s♦♥✱ ❆✳❲✳✿ ❆ r❡❛♣♣r❛✐s❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❉▼❙❖ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧s ❛ ❛♥❞ ❜ ✐♥ ❧✐❝❤❡♥s ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ■♥✿ ❊♥✈✐✲ r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❇♦t❛♥② ✸✷ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ❛♣r✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ✽✺✕✶✵✵✳ ❤tt♣✿ ✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✾✽✲✽✹✼✷✭✾✷✮✾✵✵✸✹✲②✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴✵✵✾✽✕ ✽✹✼✷✭✾✷✮✾✵✵✸✹✕② ✻✸ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❬✼✵❪ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦✱ ▼❛r❦ ◆✳ ❀ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥✱ ❆♥❛t♦❧② ❆✳ ❀ ❈❤✐✈❦✉♥♦✈❛✱ ❖❧❣❛ ❇✳ ❀ ❘❛❦✐t✐♥✱ ❱✐❝t♦r ❨✳✿ ◆♦♥✲❞❡str✉❝t✐✈❡ ♦♣t✐❝❛❧ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❧❡❛❢ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❢r✉✐t r✐♣❡♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ P❧❛♥t❛r✉♠ ✶✵✻ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ♠❛②✱ ◆r✳ ✶✱ ✶✸✺✕✶✹✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✸✹✴❥✳✶✸✾✾✲✸✵✺✹✳ ✶✾✾✾✳✶✵✻✶✶✾✳①✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✸✹✴❥✳✶✸✾✾✕✸✵✺✹✳✶✾✾✾✳✶✵✻✶✶✾✳① ❬✼✶❪ ❬✼✷❪ ❬✼✸❪ ❬✼✹❪ ❇❧❛❝❦❜✉r♥✱ ●✳ ❆✳✿ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❆ t❡st ✉s✐♥❣ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥t tr❡❡ ❧❡❛✈❡s✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✶✾ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❥❛♥✱ ◆r✳ ✹✱ ✻✺✼✕✻✼✺✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳ ✶✵✽✵✴✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✽✷✶✺✾✶✾✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✽✷✶✺✾✶✾ P❊◆❯❊▲❆❙ ❋■▲❊▲▲❆ ❇■❊▲ ❙❊❘❘❆◆❖ ❙❆❱❊ ✱ ❏✳ ❀ ✱ ■✳ ❀ ✱ ❈✳ ❀ ✱ ▲✳ ❀ ✱ ❘✳✿ ❚❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ✾✺✵ ✾✼✵ ♥♠ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦r ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t ✇❛t❡r st❛t✉s✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✶✹ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❥✉❧✱ ◆r✳ ✶✵✱ ✶✽✽✼✕✶✾✵✺✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✸✵✽✾✺✹✵✶✵✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✸✵✽✾✺✹✵✶✵ P❡♥✉❡❧❛s✱ ❏ ❀ ❇❛r❡t✱ ❋ ❀ ❋✐❧❡❧❧❛✱ ■✿ ❙❡♠✐✲❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s t♦ ❛ss❡ss ❝❛r♦t❡♥♦✐❞s✴❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛ r❛t✐♦ ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛❢ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥✿ P❤♦t♦s②♥✲ t❤❡t✐❝❛ ✸✶ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ❙✳ ✷✷✶✕✷✸✵ ❍✉♥t ❉❛✉❣❤tr② ❊✐t❡❧ ▲♦♥❣ ✱ ❊✳ ❘✳ ❀ ✱ ❈✳ ❙✳ ❚✳ ❀ ✱ ❏❛♥ ❯✳ ❍✳ ❀ ✱ ❉❛♥ ❙✳✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ▲❡❛❢ ❈❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❱✐s✐❜❧❡ ❇❛♥❞ ■♥❞❡①✳ ■♥✿ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠② ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ✶✵✸ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ◆r✳ ✹✱ ✶✵✾✵✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✷✶✸✹✴ ❛❣r♦♥❥✷✵✶✵✳✵✸✾✺✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✷✶✸✹✴❛❣r♦♥❥✷✵✶✵✳✵✸✾✺ ❬✼✺❪ ❇r♦❣❡✱ ◆✳❍ ❀ ▲❡❜❧❛♥❝✱ ❊✿ ❬✼✻❪ ❱❖●❊▲▼❆◆◆✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❀ ❘❖❈❑✱ ❇✳ ◆✳ ❀ ▼❖❙❙✱ ❉✳ ▼✳✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❜r♦❛❞❜❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r❡❡♥ ❧❡❛❢ ❛r❡❛ ✐♥❞❡① ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥♦♣② ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❞❡♥s✐t②✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❊♥✈✐✲ r♦♥♠❡♥t ✼✻ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ♠❛②✱ ◆r✳ ✷✱ ✶✺✻✕✶✼✷✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴ s✵✵✸✹✲✹✷✺✼✭✵✵✮✵✵✶✾✼✲✽✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴s✵✵✸✹✕✹✷✺✼✭✵✵✮✵✵✶✾✼✕✽ ❘❡❞ ❡❞❣❡ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ s✉❣❛r ♠❛♣❧❡ ❧❡❛✈❡s✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✶✹ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ♠❛②✱ ◆r✳ ✽✱ ✶✺✻✸✕✶✺✼✺✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴ ✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✸✵✽✾✺✸✾✽✻✳ ✕ ❉❖■ ✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✶✹✸✶✶✻✾✸✵✽✾✺✸✾✽✻ ✻✹ ✽ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✿ ◗✉❛❧✐t② t❡st ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❘✳s♦❧❛♥✐ ✐s♦❧❛t❡✭❆● ✷✲✷■■■❇✮ ✐♥ ❛ P❉❆ ❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✿ ❙❝❛❧❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❘❘❈❘ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ s②♠♣t♦♠s ♦♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❧❡❛✈❡s ❬✹✸❪✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s ◆♦ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧❡s✐♦♥s✱ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❤❡❛❧t❤② ♣❧❛♥ts ✶ ✲ ✷✵✪ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✷✵ ✲ ✹✵✪ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✹✵ ✲ ✻✵✪ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✻✵ ✲ ✽✵✪ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ✽✵ ✲ ✶✵✵✪ s❡♥❡s❝❡♥t ❧❡❛✈❡s ❉❡❛❞ ♣❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② r♦tt❡♥ ✻✺ ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✷✿ ❙❝❛❧❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t s②♠♣t♦♠s ♦♥ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ❬✸✸❪✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s②♠♣t♦♠s ◆♦ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧❡s✐♦♥s✱ ♣❧❛♥ts ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❁✶✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ ❧❡s✐♦♥s ❃✶✕✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧❡s✐♦♥s ❃✺✕✶✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞r②✲r♦t ❝❛♥❦❡r ❃✶✵✕✷✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞r②✲r♦t ❝❛♥❦❡r ❃✷✺✕✺✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞r②✲r♦t ❝❛♥❦❡r ❃✺✵✕✼✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞r②✲r♦t ❝❛♥❦❡r ❃✼✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞r②✲r♦t ❝❛♥❦❡r P❧❛♥t ❞❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② r♦tt❡♥ ✻✻ ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦ ✐♥❞❡① ✶ ●✐t❡❧s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❡r③❧②❛❦ ✐♥❞❡① ✷ ●r❡❡♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐s❡❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ●r❡❡♥ ❘❛t✐♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❍❡❛❧t❤② ✐♥❞❡① ■♥❢r❛r❡❞ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ▲❡❛❢ ❛r❡❛ ✐♥❞❡① ▲✐❝❤t❡♥t❤❛❧❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✶ ▲✐❝❤t❡♥t❤❛❧❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✷ ▲✐❝❤t❡♥t❤❛❧❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✸ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✶ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✷ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ r❡❞ ❡❞❣❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ r❡❞ ❡❞❣❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ r❛t✐♦ ✐♥❞❡① ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✼✺✵✴✼✵✺ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ✐♥❞❡① ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ✐♥❞❡① ◆♦r♠❛❧✐s❡❞ ♣❤❛❡♦♣❤②t✐♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❖♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ s♦✐❧ ❛❞❥✉st❡❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① P♦✇❞❡r② ♠✐❧❞❡✇ ✐♥❞❡① P❤♦t♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① P❧❛♥t s❡♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① P✐❣♠❡♥t s♣❡❝✐✜❝ s✐♠♣❧❡ r❛t✐♦✧❛✧ P✐❣♠❡♥t s♣❡❝✐✜❝ s✐♠♣❧❡ r❛t✐♦✧❜✧ P❧❛♥t ✇❛t❡r ✐♥❞❡① ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ s♦✐❧ ❛❞❥✉st❡❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❙✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t r✉st ✐♥❞❡① ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t ✐♥❞❡① ❙✐♠♣❧❡ r❛t✐♦ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t ✐♥❞❡① ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❡❞ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤②❧❧ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦ ✐♥❞❡① ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❣r❡❡♥♥❡ss ✐♥❞❡① ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❱♦❣❡❧♠❛♥♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❆♥t❤♦❝②❛♥✐♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✶ ❆♥t❤♦❝②❛♥✐♥ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✷ ❇❧✉❡ ❣r❡❡♥ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t ✐♥❞❡① ❈❡r❝♦s♣♦r❛ ❧❡❛❢ s♣♦t ✐♥❞❡① ❈❛r♦t❡♥♦✐❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✶ ❈❛r♦t❡♥♦✐❞ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✷ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✶ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✷ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✸ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✹ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✺ ❈❛rt❡r ✐♥❞❡① ✻ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❉✐s❡❛s❡ ✇❛t❡r str❡ss ✐♥❞❡① ✹ ❊①❝❡ss✐✈❡ ❣r❡❡♥ ✐♥❞❡① ❊♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ●r❡❡♥ ❛t❤♠♦s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧❧② r❡s✐st❛♥t ✐♥❞❡① ●r❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡① ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ✐♥❞❡① ■♥❞❡① ●▼■✶ ●▼■✷ ●◆❱■ ●❘❱■ ❍■ ■P❱■ ▲❆■ ▲✐❝✶ ▲✐❝✷ ▲✐❝✸ ♠❈❆■ ▼❈❆❘■ ▼❈❆❘■✶ ▼❈❆❘■✷ ♠◆❉❱■✼✵✺ ▼❙❘✼✵✺ ◆❉❱■ ◆❉❱■✼✵✺ ◆P❈■ ◆P◗■ ❖❙❆❱■ P▼■ P❘■ P❙❘■ P❙❙❘❛ P❙❙❘❜ P❲■ ▼❙❆❱■ ❙❇❘■ ❙■P■ ❙❘P■ ❚❈❆❘■ ❚●■ ❚❱■ ❱❖● ❆❘■✶ ❆❘■✷ ❇●■ ❈▲❙■ ❈❘■✶ ❈❘■✷ ❝tr✶ ❝tr✷ ❝tr✸ ❝tr✹ ❝tr✺ ❝tr✻ ❉❱■ ❉❲❙■✹ ❊●■ ❊❱■ ●❆❘■ ●❉❱■ ●❊▼■ ❆❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ARI1 = (1/R550 − 1/R700 ) ARI2 = R800 × 1/R550 − 1/R700 BGI = R450 /R550 CLSI = (R698 − R570 )/(R698 + R570 ) + R734 CRI1 = 1/R510 − 1/R550 CRI2 = 1/R510 − 1/R700 ctr1 = R695 /R420 ctr2 = R695 /R760 ctr3 = R605 /R760 ctr4 = R710 /R760 ctr5 = R695 /R670 ctr6 = R550 /R420 DV I = R800 − R680 DW SI4 = R550 /R680 EGI = 2g − r − b; r−, g−, b − values EV I = 2.5 × ((R800 − R680 )/(R800 + R680 − 7.5 × R450 + 1)) GARI = (R800 − (R550 − 1.7 × (R450 − R680 ))/(R800 + (R550 − 1.7 × (R450 − R680 )) GDV I = R800 − R550 2 2 2 2 GEM I = (2 × (R800 − R680 ) + 1.5 × R800 + 0.5 × R680 )/(R800 + R680 + 0.5) × (1 − 0.25 × (2 × (R800 − R680 )+ 1.5 × R800 + 0.5 × R680 )/(R800 + R680 + 0.5)) − (R680 − 0.125)/(1 − R800 ) GM I1 = R750 /R550 GM I2 = R750 /R700 GN DV I = (R800 − R550 )/(R800 + R550 ) GRV I = R800 /R550 HI = (R534 − R698 )/(R5 34 + R698 ) − 0, 5 × R704 IP V I = R800 /(R800 + R680 ) LAI = (3.618 × EV I − 0.118) Lic1 = (R800 − R680 )/(R800 + R680 ) Lic2 = R440 /R690 Lic3 = R440 /R740 P mCAI = ((R545 − R752 ))/2 × (R752 − R545 ) × ( 752 i=545 Ri × 1.423) M CARI = ((R700 − R670 ) − 0, 2 × (R700 − R550 ) × (R700 /R670 ) M CARI1 = 1.2 × (2.5 × (R800 − R670p ) − 1, 3 × (R800 − R550 ) √ M CARI2 = (1.5 × (2.5 × (R800 − R670 ) − 1.3 × (R800 − R550 ))/ (2 × R800 + 1)2 − (6 × R800 − 5 × R670 − 0.5) mN DV I705 = (R750 − R705 )/(R750 p+ R705 + 2 × R445 ) M SR705 = (R750 /R705 − 1)/ R750 /R705 + 1 N DV I = (R750 − R705 )/(R750 + R705 ) N DV I705 = (R750 − R705 )/(R750 + R705 ) N P CI = (R680 − R430 )/(R680 + R430 ) N P QI = (R415 − R435 )/(R415 + R435 ) OSAV I = (1 + Y ) × (R800 − R670 )/(R800 + R670 + Y )❀Y = 0.16 P M I = (R520 − R584 )/(R520 + R584 ) + R724 P RI = (R531 − R570 )/(R531 + R570 ) P SRI = (R680 − R500 )/R750 P SSRa = R800 /R680 P SSRb = R800 /R635 P W I = R970 /R900 M SAV I = (R800 − R670 )/(R800 + R670 ) × (1 + L)❀L ∈ (−0, 9 : 1, 6) SBRI = (R570 − R513 )/(R570 + R513 ) + 0, 5 × R704 SIP I = (R800 − R445 )/(R800 − R680 ) SRP I = R430 /R680 T CARI = 3 × ((R700 − R670 ) − 0, 2 × (R700 − R550 ) × (R700 /R670 )) T GI = −0, 5 × ((R[665:675] − R[475:485] ) × (R670 − R550 ) − (R[665:675] − R[545:555] ) × (R670 − R480 )) T V I = 0, 5 × (120 × (R750 − R550 ) − 200 × (R670 − R550 ) V OG1 = R740 /R720 ❋♦r♠✉❧❛ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✸✿ ❈♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠ ♦❢ ✐♥❞❡①❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✐♥ ❱■❙✲ ❛♥❞ ◆■❘✲r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠✳ ❬✺✻❪ ❬✺✻❪ ❬✺✼❪ ❬✺✽❪ ❬✹✼❪ ❬✺✾❪ ❬✻✵❪ ❬✻✶❪ ❬✻✶❪ ❬✻✶❪ ❬✻✷❪ ❬✻✸❪ ❬✻✹❪ ❬✻✹❪ ❬✻✺❪ ❬✻✻❪ ❬✸✻❪ ❬✻✼❪ ❬✻✽❪ ❬✻✾❪ ❬✸✺❪ ❬✹✼❪ ❬✼✵❪ ❬✼✵❪ ❬✼✶❪ ❬✼✶❪ ❬✼✷❪ ❬✸✹❪ ❬✹✼❪ ❬✼✸❪ ❬✼✸❪ ❬✻✹❪ ❬✼✹❪ ❬✼✺❪ ❬✼✻❪ ❬✹✺❪ ❬✹✺❪ ❬✹✻❪ ❬✹✼❪ ❬✹✽❪ ❬✹✺❪ ❬✹✾❪ ❬✹✾❪ ❬✹✾❪ ❬✹✾❪ ❬✹✾❪ ❬✹✾❪ ❬✸✼❪ ❬✺✵❪ ❬✺✶❪ ❬✺✷❪ ❬✺✸❪ ❬✺✹❪ ❬✺✺❪ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ✻✼ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✹✿ ■♥❞❡①✲♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❝❛♥♦♣②✲ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ♦❢ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐s❡❛s❡❞ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t ♣❧❛♥t✳ ■♥❞❡① ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✵✽✻✻ ✹✼✼ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✽✶ ✵✳✶✾ ❈tr✷ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✺✷✶✵ ✺✺✾✶ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✹✽✳✷✹ ✺✶✳✼✻ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✶✶✾✺ ✶✹✽ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✾✹ ✵✳✵✻ ❈tr✹ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✾✻✾✺ ✶✶✵✻ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✽✾✳✼✻ ✶✵✳✷✹ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✶✸✷✺ ✶✽ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✾✾ ✵✳✵✶ ❉❱■ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✻✵✹✷ ✹✼✺✾ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✺✺✳✾✹ ✹✹✳✵✻ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✶✷✹✻ ✾✼ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✾✻ ✵✳✵✹ ▼❈❆❘■✷ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✹✺✺✶ ✻✷✺✵ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✹✷✳✶✸ ✺✼✳✽✼ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✵✽✽✸ ✹✻✵ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✽✷ ✵✳✶✽ ♠◆❉❱■✼✵✺ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✸✽✾✽ ✻✾✵✸ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✸✻✳✵✾ ✻✸✳✾✶ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✵✽✼✸ ✹✼✵ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✽✶ ✵✳✶✾ ▼❙❘✼✵✺ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✺✾✵✵ ✹✾✵✶ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✺✹✳✻✷ ✹✺✳✸✽ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✵✻✽✷ ✻✻✶ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✼✹ ✵✳✷✻ ◆❉❱■✼✵✺ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✹✽✻✾ ✺✾✸✷ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✹✺✳✵✽ ✺✹✳✾✷ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✶✶✷✺ ✷✶✽ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✾✶ ✵✳✵✾ ◆❉❱■ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✽✺✷✽ ✷✷✼✸ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✼✽✳✾✻ ✷✶✳✵✹ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✺✵✽✶✻ ✺✷✼ ✭✪✮ ✾✾✳✼✾ ✵✳✷✶ ❖❙❆❱■ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ✷✾✺✺ ✼✽✹✻ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ✷✼✳✸✻ ✼✷✳✻✹ ❚❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✐♥❣✲✐♥❞❡①✲✈❛❧✉❡s✿ ❈tr✷< 0.4 ❀ ❈tr✹< 0.5❀ ❉❱■> 0.4❀ ▼❈❆❘■✷> 0.4❀ ♠◆❉❱■✼✵✺> 0.2❀ ▼❙❘✼✵✺> 0.55❀ ◆❉❱■✼✵✺> 0.3❀ ◆❉❱■> 0.7❀ ❖❙❆❱■> 0.45✳ ✻✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✺✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❉❱■✲✱ ❖❙❆❱■✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲♠❛s❦ t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❝❛♥♦♣②✲ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶ ❞❜✐✱ ✸ ✱ ✼✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✼ ❞❛✐✳ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t ❉❛t❡ ✧▲♦✇ ■✳✧ ✶ ❞❜✐ ✧❍✐❣❤ ■✳✧ ✶ ❞❜✐ ✧▲♦✇ ■✳✧ ✸ ❞❛✐ ✧❈♦♥tr♦❧✧ ✼ ❞❛✐ ✧❍✐❣❤ ■✳✧ ✼ ❞❛✐ ✧❈♦♥tr♦❧✧ ✶✵ ❞❛✐ ✧▲♦✇ ■✳✧ ✶✵ ❞❛✐ ✧❍✐❣❤ ■✳✧ ✶✷ ❞❛✐ ✧▲♦✇ ■✳✧ ✶✹ ❞❛✐ ✧❍✐❣❤ ■✳✧ ✶✼ ❞❛✐ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭✪✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭P✐①❡❧s✮ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✭✪✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❉❱■ ■♥❞❡① ❖❙❆❱■ ■♥❞❡① ❉✳▼❆❙❑ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♥♦♣② ✶✽✼✸✻✾ ✾✾✳✽✸ ✺✸✼✷ ✼✳✷✷ ✷✵✻✺✷✾ ✾✾✳✾✻ ✼✸✾✾ ✶✸✳✸✷ ✶✾✾✶✷✹ ✾✾✳✾✻ ✺✽✼✻ ✾✳✸✸ ✶✾✼✺✼✾ ✾✾✳✽✻ ✼✵✻✸ ✶✵✳✾✾ ✷✶✷✵✼✵ ✾✾✳✾✶ ✻✼✶✷ ✶✸✳✹✺ ✷✶✷✺✾✼ ✾✾✳✾✵ ✹✶✶✼ ✽✳✸✹ ✷✵✵✶✷✹ ✾✾✳✽✻ ✺✺✻✺ ✾✳✵✶ ✷✸✶✵✾✺ ✾✾✳✾✽ ✽✻✸✹ ✷✼✳✽✺ ✷✹✾✽✸✽ ✾✾✳✾✾ ✼✵✻✵ ✺✼✳✺✵ ✷✺✶✸✷✺ ✾✾✳✾✾ ✻✵✹✷ ✺✺✳✾✹ ✸✷✹ ✵✳✶✼ ✻✾✵✼✾ ✾✷✳✼✽ ✽✼ ✵✳✵✹ ✹✽✶✷✾ ✽✻✳✻✽ ✼✶ ✵✳✵✹ ✺✼✵✼✸ ✾✵✳✻✼ ✷✼✾ ✵✳✶✹ ✺✼✷✷✸ ✽✾✳✵✶ ✶✽✶ ✵✳✵✾ ✹✸✶✽✶ ✽✻✳✺✺ ✷✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✹✺✷✷✵ ✾✶✳✻✻ ✷✼✸ ✵✳✶✹ ✺✻✶✽✷ ✾✵✳✾✾ ✹✺ ✵✳✵✷ ✷✷✸✼✵ ✼✷✳✶✺ ✷✼ ✵✳✵✶ ✺✷✶✾ ✹✷✳✺✵ ✶✽ ✵✳✵✶ ✹✼✺✾ ✹✹✳✵✻ ✻✾ ✶✽✻✵✹✼ ✾✾✳✶✷ ✶✵✺✶ ✶✳✹✶ ✷✵✻✵✹✹ ✾✾✳✼✷ ✷✽✻✵ ✺✳✶✺ ✶✾✽✻✵✸ ✾✾✳✼✵ ✷✹✾✶ ✸✳✾✻ ✶✾✻✻✻✷ ✾✾✳✹✵ ✷✷✺✷ ✸✳✺✵ ✷✶✶✷✶✺ ✾✾✳✺✶ ✷✷✻✼ ✹✳✺✹ ✷✶✶✽✷✻ ✾✾✳✺✹ ✶✼✽✾ ✸✳✻✸ ✶✾✾✶✹✸ ✾✾✳✸✼ ✷✸✸✵ ✸✳✼✼ ✷✸✵✺✵✹ ✾✾✳✼✷ ✹✺✹✷ ✶✹✳✻✺ ✷✹✾✺✹✽ ✾✾✳✽✼ ✸✸✼✻ ✷✼✳✹✾ ✷✺✵✽✶✻ ✾✾✳✼✾ ✷✾✺✺ ✷✼✳✸✻ ✶✻✹✻ ✵✳✽✽ ✼✸✹✵✵ ✾✽✳✺✾ ✺✼✷ ✵✳✷✽ ✺✷✻✻✽ ✾✹✳✽✺ ✺✾✷ ✵✳✸✵ ✻✵✹✺✽ ✾✻✳✵✹ ✶✶✾✻ ✵✳✻✵ ✻✷✵✸✹ ✾✻✳✺✵ ✶✵✸✻ ✵✳✹✾ ✹✼✻✷✻ ✾✺✳✹✻ ✾✽✶ ✵✳✹✻ ✹✼✺✹✽ ✾✻✳✸✼ ✶✷✺✹ ✵✳✻✸ ✺✾✹✶✼ ✾✻✳✷✸ ✻✸✻ ✵✳✷✽ ✷✻✹✻✷ ✽✺✳✸✺ ✸✶✼ ✵✳✶✸ ✽✾✵✸ ✼✷✳✺✶ ✺✷✼ ✵✳✷✶ ✼✽✹✻ ✼✷✳✻✹ ✶✽✻✵✹✼ ✾✾✳✶✷ ✾✽✾ ✶✳✸✸ ✷✵✻✵✹✹ ✾✾✳✼✷ ✷✽✻✵ ✺✳✶✺ ✶✾✽✻✵✸ ✾✾✳✼✵ ✷✹✽✼ ✸✳✾✺ ✶✾✻✻✻✶ ✾✾✳✹✵ ✷✵✾✶ ✸✳✷✺ ✷✶✶✷✶✸ ✾✾✳✺✶ ✷✶✷✽ ✹✳✷✼ ✷✶✶✽✷✻ ✾✾✳✺✹ ✶✼✸✵ ✸✳✺✶ ✶✾✾✶✹✸ ✾✾✳✸✼ ✷✸✶✵ ✸✳✼✹ ✷✸✵✺✵✹ ✾✾✳✼✷ ✸✾✽✷ ✶✷✳✽✹ ✷✹✾✺✹✼ ✾✾✳✽✼ ✸✶✷✹ ✷✺✳✹✹ ✷✺✵✽✶✻ ✾✾✳✼✾ ✷✽✵✼ ✷✺✳✾✾ ✶✻✹✻ ✵✳✽✽ ✼✸✹✻✷ ✾✽✳✻✼ ✺✼✷ ✵✳✷✽ ✺✷✻✻✽ ✾✹✳✽✺ ✺✾✷ ✵✳✸✵ ✻✵✹✻✷ ✾✻✳✵✺ ✶✶✾✼ ✵✳✻✵ ✻✷✶✾✺ ✾✻✳✼✺ ✶✵✸✽ ✵✳✹✾ ✹✼✼✻✺ ✾✺✳✼✸ ✾✽✶ ✵✳✹✻ ✹✼✻✵✼ ✾✻✳✹✾ ✶✷✺✹ ✵✳✻✸ ✺✾✹✸✼ ✾✻✳✷✻ ✻✸✻ ✵✳✷✽ ✷✼✵✷✷ ✽✼✳✶✻ ✸✶✽ ✵✳✶✸ ✾✶✺✺ ✼✹✳✺✻ ✺✷✼ ✵✳✷✶ ✼✾✾✹ ✼✹✳✵✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✻✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡t P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✸❪ ⑤ r ⑤ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✶✵ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✾ ✲✵✳✵✽ ✲✵✳✵✽ ✲✵✳✵✽ ✲✵✳✵✽ ✲✵✳✵✽ ✲✵✳✵✽ ✲✵✳✵✽ ✲✵✳✵✼ ✲✵✳✵✼ ✲✵✳✵✼ ✲✵✳✵✼ ✲✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✲✵✳✵✻ ✲✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✲✵✳✵✻ ✲✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✲✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✲✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✻ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ❇❛♥❞ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ r ❬P❈✸❪ ⑤ r ⑤ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✲✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✲✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✲✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✲✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✲✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✲✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✲✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✲✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✲✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✲✵✳✵✸ ✲✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✷ ✲✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✲✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✲✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✲✵✳✵✷ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ❢♦♥t ✮✿ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ❇❛♥❞ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✼✵ r ❬P❈✸❪ ⑤ r ⑤ ✵✳✵✷ ✲✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✲✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✲✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✲✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✲✵✳✵✶ ✲✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✲✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✵ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✼ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✵ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✶✶ ✵✳✵✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Summary of principal component analysis Reflectance 17 d a i 14 d a i ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● −4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5.0 ● 0 0.0 ● −3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2.5 ● ● −5 ● ● 0 5 − 10 d a i ● PC2 (30.0% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − −10 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2.5 ● ● ● ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● −5 5 PC1 (68.2% var.) ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● −2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● 5.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● PC2 (17.3% var.) 4 ● 10 PC1 (64.2% var.) ● 12 d a i 2● ● ● ● ● ● −2.5 ● ● ● ● PC1 (62.3% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − 3 PC2 (33.5% var.) PC2 (33.0% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4 ● ● 6 0 5 10 PC1 (81.7% var.) ● − 5dai 7dai 4 ● 0 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● −2 ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 0 ● 5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 0 1dbi 5.0 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● −3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● 0.0 ● ● ● Control ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● −2.5 ● Group ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● Label ● ● ● ● ● −5 Label ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Control ● ● 0 5 10 PC1 (90.8% var.) ● − ● ●● ● ● Inoculated ● ● ● ● ● 5 ● ● ● ● −5.0 ● 0 ● ● ● PC1 (89.8% var.) − Group ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● − ● ● ● ● ● Label ● ● ● 2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● PC2 (7.7% var.) ● PC2 (8.4% var.) ● ● 5 PC1 (93.4% var.) − ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 3 ● ● ● ● 3dai ● ● ● ● ● 10 PC1 (95.2% var.) ● 0.0 −2.5 ● ● − ● ● ● ● ● −4 PC2 (5.7% var.) PC2 (4.4% var.) ● ● ● ● 2.5 ● ● ● ●● 2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Group ● Control ● Inoculated Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✿ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ✼✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✼✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✾ ✵✳✾✶✾ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✽ ✵✳✾✶✽ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✽ ✵✳✾✶✽ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✽ ✵✳✾✶✽ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✽ ✵✳✾✶✽ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✽ ✵✳✾✶✽ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✼ ✵✳✾✶✼ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✻ ✵✳✾✶✻ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✻ ✵✳✾✶✻ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✹ ✵✳✾✶✹ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✹ ✵✳✾✶✹ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✷ ✵✳✾✶✷ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✶ ✵✳✾✶✶ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✵ ✵✳✾✶✵ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✻ ✵✳✾✵✻ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✻ ✵✳✾✵✻ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✶ ✵✳✾✵✶ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✶ ✵✳✾✵✶ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✶ ✵✳✾✵✶ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✵ ✵✳✾✵✵ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ✵✳✽✾✾ ✵✳✽✾✽ ✵✳✽✾✹ ✵✳✽✾✸ ✵✳✽✾✸ ✵✳✽✾✷ ✵✳✽✽✼ ✵✳✽✽✼ ✵✳✽✽✹ ✵✳✽✽✵ ✵✳✽✼✾ ✵✳✽✼✾ ✵✳✽✼✹ ✵✳✽✼✸ ✵✳✽✼✷ ✵✳✽✻✾ ✵✳✽✻✽ ✵✳✽✻✼ ✲✵✳✽✻✷ ✲✵✳✽✻✷ ✲✵✳✽✻✷ ✲✵✳✽✻✷ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ❢♦♥t ✵✳✽✾✾ ✵✳✽✾✽ ✵✳✽✾✹ ✵✳✽✾✸ ✵✳✽✾✸ ✵✳✽✾✷ ✵✳✽✽✼ ✵✳✽✽✼ ✵✳✽✽✹ ✵✳✽✽✵ ✵✳✽✼✾ ✵✳✽✼✾ ✵✳✽✼✹ ✵✳✽✼✸ ✵✳✽✼✷ ✵✳✽✻✾ ✵✳✽✻✽ ✵✳✽✻✼ ✵✳✽✻✷ ✵✳✽✻✷ ✵✳✽✻✷ ✵✳✽✻✷ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✶ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✻✵ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✽ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✼ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✼ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✼ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✻ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✻ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✺ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✹ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✹ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✺✷ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✹✾ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✹✺ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✹✸ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✸✸ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✸✵ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✽ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✷✵ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✵✼ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✻✵ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✻ ✵✳✽✺✻ ✵✳✽✺✺ ✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✺✷ ✵✳✽✹✾ ✵✳✽✹✺ ✵✳✽✹✸ ✵✳✽✸✸ ✵✳✽✸✵ ✵✳✽✷✽ ✵✳✽✷✵ ✵✳✽✵✼ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✵✷ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✽✺ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✽✸ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✼✻ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✸ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✷ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✵ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✼ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✼ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✶ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✼ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✸✽ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✺ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✹ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✾ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✵ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✾ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✵ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✹ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✷ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✼ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✽✷ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✻ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✾ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✾ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✸ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✷ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✼ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✺ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✸ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✷ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✽ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✼ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✻ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✹ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✷ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✺✻ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✽✾ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✽✺ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✽✸ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✵✸ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✸✹ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✶✾ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✵✹ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✸✻ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✻✽ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✻✶ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✸✽ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✾✽ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✾✹ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✽✻ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✺✸ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✹✻ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✼ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✹ ✮✿ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✼✷ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✽✵✷ ✵✳✼✽✺ ✵✳✼✽✸ ✵✳✼✼✻ ✵✳✼✻✸ ✵✳✼✻✷ ✵✳✼✻✵ ✵✳✼✺✼ ✵✳✼✺✼ ✵✳✼✺✶ ✵✳✼✹✼ ✵✳✼✸✽ ✵✳✼✸✺ ✵✳✼✸✹ ✵✳✼✷✾ ✵✳✼✷✵ ✵✳✼✶✾ ✵✳✼✶✵ ✵✳✼✵✹ ✵✳✼✵✷ ✵✳✻✽✼ ✵✳✻✽✷ ✵✳✻✼✻ ✵✳✻✻✾ ✵✳✻✻✾ ✵✳✻✺✸ ✵✳✻✺✷ ✵✳✻✸✼ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✷✺ ✵✳✻✷✸ ✵✳✻✷✷ ✵✳✻✶✽ ✵✳✻✶✼ ✵✳✻✶✻ ✵✳✻✶✹ ✵✳✻✵✷ ✵✳✺✺✻ ✵✳✹✽✾ ✵✳✹✽✺ ✵✳✹✽✸ ✵✳✹✵✸ ✵✳✸✸✹ ✵✳✸✶✾ ✵✳✸✵✹ ✵✳✷✸✻ ✵✳✶✻✽ ✵✳✶✻✶ ✵✳✶✸✽ ✵✳✵✾✽ ✵✳✵✾✹ ✵✳✵✽✻ ✵✳✵✺✸ ✵✳✵✹✻ ✵✳✵✷✼ ✵✳✵✷✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✽✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✷❪ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✽✼ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✽✻ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✽ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✾ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✾ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✾ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✽ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✽ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✼ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✺ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✺ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✸ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✶ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✶ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✽ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✼ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✺ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✹ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✸ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✽ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✸ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✸ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✶ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✷ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✶ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✾ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✷ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✾ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✺ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✹ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✺ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✷ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✾✾ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✷ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✹ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✹ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✹ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✶ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✶ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✶ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✾ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✾ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✽ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✼ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✼ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✺ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✹ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✸ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✸ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✸ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✷ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✾ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✼✽✼ ✵✳✼✽✻ ✵✳✼✽ ✵✳✼✼✾ ✵✳✼✼✾ ✵✳✼✼✾ ✵✳✼✼✽ ✵✳✼✼✽ ✵✳✼✼✼ ✵✳✼✼✺ ✵✳✼✼✺ ✵✳✼✼✸ ✵✳✼✼✶ ✵✳✼✼✶ ✵✳✼✻✽ ✵✳✼✻✼ ✵✳✼✻✺ ✵✳✼✻✹ ✵✳✼✻✸ ✵✳✼✺✽ ✵✳✼✺✸ ✵✳✼✺✸ ✵✳✼✺✶ ✵✳✼✹✷ ✵✳✼✹✶ ✵✳✼✹ ✵✳✼✸✾ ✵✳✼✸✷ ✵✳✼✸ ✵✳✼✷✾ ✵✳✼✷✺ ✵✳✼✷✹ ✵✳✼✶✺ ✵✳✼✵✷ ✵✳✻✾✾ ✵✳✻✽✷ ✵✳✻✻✹ ✵✳✻✺✹ ✵✳✻✹✹ ✵✳✻✸✶ ✵✳✻✸✶ ✵✳✻✸✶ ✵✳✻✸ ✵✳✻✷✾ ✵✳✻✷✾ ✵✳✻✷✽ ✵✳✻✷✼ ✵✳✻✷✼ ✵✳✻✷✺ ✵✳✻✷✹ ✵✳✻✷✸ ✵✳✻✷✸ ✵✳✻✷✸ ✵✳✻✷✷ ✵✳✻✷ ✵✳✻✶✾ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✷❪ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✽ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✼ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✻ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✺ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✸ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✷ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✾ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✽ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✼ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✺ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✹ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✷ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✶ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✶ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✾ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✼ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✻ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✺ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✹ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✸ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✶ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✾ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✼ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✺ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✸ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✷ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✾ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✽ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✼ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✻ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✺ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✺ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✹ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✹ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✹ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✷ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✷ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✶ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✾ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✼ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✺ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✷ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✺✺ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✻✶✽ ✵✳✻✶✼ ✵✳✻✶✻ ✵✳✻✶✺ ✵✳✻✶✸ ✵✳✻✶✷ ✵✳✻✶ ✵✳✻✵✾ ✵✳✻✵✽ ✵✳✻✵✼ ✵✳✻✵✺ ✵✳✻✵✹ ✵✳✻✵✷ ✵✳✻✵✶ ✵✳✻✵✶ ✵✳✺✾✾ ✵✳✺✾✼ ✵✳✺✾✻ ✵✳✺✾✺ ✵✳✺✾✹ ✵✳✺✾✸ ✵✳✺✾✶ ✵✳✺✽✾ ✵✳✺✽✼ ✵✳✺✽✺ ✵✳✺✽✸ ✵✳✺✽✷ ✵✳✺✽ ✵✳✺✽ ✵✳✺✼✾ ✵✳✺✼✽ ✵✳✺✼✼ ✵✳✺✼✻ ✵✳✺✼✺ ✵✳✺✼✺ ✵✳✺✼✹ ✵✳✺✼✹ ✵✳✺✼✹ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✷ ✵✳✺✼✷ ✵✳✺✼✶ ✵✳✺✼ ✵✳✺✻✾ ✵✳✺✻✼ ✵✳✺✻✺ ✵✳✺✻✷ ✵✳✺✻ ✵✳✺✺✺ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✷❪ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✸✹ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✸✷ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✷✽ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✷✼ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✷✺ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✷✸ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✷✷ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✽ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✼ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✶ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✵✽ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✵✼ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✶ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✾✽ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✾✷ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✾ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✽✽ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✼✼ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✼✻ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✻✼ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✻✻ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✻✸ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✻ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✺✾ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✺✹ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✺✸ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✹✾ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✹✾ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✹✼ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✹ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✸✻ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✵✾ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✸ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✺✶ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✹✾ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✹✹ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✾✷ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✽✶ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✺✼ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✸✾ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✵✺ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✼ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✻ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✸✼ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✷✷ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✾✸ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✾ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✻✸ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✺✻ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✺ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✸✷ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✽ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✷ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✶ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✻ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✸ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ❢♦♥t ✮✿ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✼✸ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✺✸✹ ✵✳✺✸✷ ✵✳✺✷✽ ✵✳✺✷✼ ✵✳✺✷✺ ✵✳✺✷✸ ✵✳✺✷✷ ✵✳✺✶✽ ✵✳✺✶✼ ✵✳✺✶✶ ✵✳✺✵✽ ✵✳✺✵✼ ✵✳✺✵✶ ✵✳✹✾✽ ✵✳✹✾✷ ✵✳✹✾ ✵✳✹✽✽ ✵✳✹✼✼ ✵✳✹✼✻ ✵✳✹✻✼ ✵✳✹✻✻ ✵✳✹✻✸ ✵✳✹✻ ✵✳✹✺✾ ✵✳✹✺✹ ✵✳✹✺✸ ✵✳✹✹✾ ✵✳✹✹✾ ✵✳✹✹✼ ✵✳✹✹ ✵✳✹✸✻ ✵✳✹✵✾ ✵✳✸✾✸ ✵✳✸✺✶ ✵✳✸✹✾ ✵✳✸✹✹ ✵✳✷✾✷ ✵✳✷✽✶ ✵✳✷✺✼ ✵✳✷✸✾ ✵✳✷✵✺ ✵✳✶✽✼ ✵✳✶✻ ✵✳✶✸✼ ✵✳✶✷✷ ✵✳✵✾✸ ✵✳✵✾ ✵✳✵✻✸ ✵✳✵✺✻ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✸✷ ✵✳✵✷✽ ✵✳✵✷✷ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✵✻ ✵✳✵✵✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Summary of principal component analysis 1st derivative 17 d a i 14 d a i 6 ● ● ● ● PC2 (31.3% var.) ● ● ● ● −3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● 3 ● ● ● ● ● ● 3 ● ● ● −2.5 0.0 5.0 − ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −3 ● ● ● −6 ● ● −5 7.5 0 5 PC1 (40.0% var.) 12 d a i 7.5 ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● 2.5 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● PC1 (52.1% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5.0● PC2 (35.8% var.) ● ● ● 10 d a i ● ● ● ● PC2 (33.0% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● −5.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● 4 ● ● ●● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2.5●● ● ● ● 5.0 ● PC2 (29.2% var.) ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 ● ● 5dai ● ●● 0 ● ● ● −3 ● −6 ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● 0.0 ● ● ● − ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 0 ● ● −5.0 ● 5 ● ● ● ● 10 − ● −10 −5 0 5 PC1 (58.8% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● − ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 ● ●● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● −4 ● ● 0 − ● ● ●● ● ● ● 8 PC1 (51.7% var.) ● ● ● −4 − ● Label 0 Group ● Control ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● 4 8 PC1 (52.0% var.) ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 4 ● ● ● ● −5.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● −2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● PC2 (20.8% var.) PC2 (23.3% var.) ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 1dbi 5.0 ● ● ● ● PC1 (55.8% var.) 2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 3dai ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −2.5 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● 2.5 ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● PC2 (18.8% var.) PC2 (18.9% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● 3 5 PC1 (45.3% var.) ● ● ● ● 0 7dai 6 ● ●● ● −5 − PC1 (44.7% var.) ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● −4 ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✸✿ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ ✜rst✲ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐s✲ t❛♥❝❡✳ ✼✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✾✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✲ ✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✾ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✽ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✼ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✺ ✵✳✾✻✺ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✶ ✵✳✾✻✶ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✽ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✵ ✵✳✾✺✵ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✼ ✵✳✾✹✼ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✺ ✵✳✾✹✺ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✼ ✵✳✾✸✼ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✼ ✵✳✾✷✼ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✼ ✵✳✾✷✼ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✻ ✵✳✾✷✻ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✻ ✵✳✾✷✻ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✺ ✵✳✾✷✺ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✹ ✵✳✾✷✹ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✸ ✵✳✾✷✸ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✷ ✵✳✾✷✷ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✶ ✵✳✾✷✶ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✵ ✵✳✾✷✵ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✵ ✵✳✾✷✵ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✵ ✵✳✾✷✵ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✽ ✵✳✾✶✽ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✺ ✵✳✾✶✺ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✷ ✵✳✾✶✷ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✼ ✵✳✾✵✼ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✻ ✵✳✾✵✻ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✹ ✵✳✾✵✹ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✸ ✵✳✾✵✸ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✷ ✵✳✾✵✷ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✷ ✵✳✾✵✷ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✶ ✵✳✾✵✶ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✵ ✵✳✾✵✵ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ❢♦♥t ✮✿ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✾✽ ✵✳✽✾✽ ✲✵✳✽✾✼ ✵✳✽✾✻ ✲✵✳✽✾✻ ✲✵✳✽✾✷ ✵✳✽✾✶ ✲✵✳✽✽✼ ✵✳✽✽✹ ✵✳✽✽✸ ✲✵✳✽✽✷ ✲✵✳✽✽✶ ✲✵✳✽✼✼ ✵✳✽✼✻ ✲✵✳✽✼✶ ✵✳✽✻✼ ✲✵✳✽✻✹ ✲✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✻ ✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✺✷ ✵✳✽✺✷ ✵✳✽✾✽ ✵✳✽✾✽ ✵✳✽✾✼ ✵✳✽✾✻ ✵✳✽✾✻ ✵✳✽✾✷ ✵✳✽✾✶ ✵✳✽✽✼ ✵✳✽✽✹ ✵✳✽✽✸ ✵✳✽✽✷ ✵✳✽✽✶ ✵✳✽✼✼ ✵✳✽✼✻ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✵✳✽✻✼ ✵✳✽✻✹ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✻ ✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✺✷ ✵✳✽✺✷ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✺✷ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✹✽ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✹✼ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✹✻ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✹✺ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✹✹ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✹✶ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✹✵ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✸✽ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✸✻ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✸✺ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✸✵ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✾ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✾ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✽ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✷✺ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✸ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✸ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✷ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✶✾ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✶✻ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✶✻ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✶✸ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✶✸ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✶✷ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✵✽ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✵✼ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✵✸ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✾✸ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✽✷ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✽✵ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✼✶ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✼ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✼ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✹✹ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✻ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✸ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✽ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✹ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✺ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✷ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✽✵ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✽ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✹ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✹ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✼ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✵ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✸ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✶ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✼ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✾ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✵ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✼ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✺ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✵ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✸ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✽✺✷ ✵✳✽✹✽ ✵✳✽✹✼ ✵✳✽✹✻ ✵✳✽✹✺ ✵✳✽✹✹ ✵✳✽✹✶ ✵✳✽✹✵ ✵✳✽✸✽ ✵✳✽✸✻ ✵✳✽✸✺ ✵✳✽✸✵ ✵✳✽✷✾ ✵✳✽✷✾ ✵✳✽✷✽ ✵✳✽✷✺ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✷ ✵✳✽✶✾ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✵✳✽✶✸ ✵✳✽✶✸ ✵✳✽✶✷ ✵✳✽✵✽ ✵✳✽✵✼ ✵✳✽✵✸ ✵✳✼✾✸ ✵✳✼✽✷ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✼✶ ✵✳✼✻✼ ✵✳✼✻✼ ✵✳✼✹✹ ✵✳✼✸✻ ✵✳✼✷✸ ✵✳✼✶✽ ✵✳✼✵✹ ✵✳✻✽✺ ✵✳✻✽✷ ✵✳✻✽✵ ✵✳✻✼✽ ✵✳✻✼✹ ✵✳✻✼✹ ✵✳✻✻✼ ✵✳✻✻✵ ✵✳✻✺✸ ✵✳✻✺✶ ✵✳✻✹✼ ✵✳✻✸✾ ✵✳✻✸✵ ✵✳✻✷✼ ✵✳✻✷✺ ✵✳✻✷✵ ✵✳✻✶✸ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✾ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✻ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✽✻ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✽✸ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✻ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✶ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✻✽ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✸ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✹✾ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✸✾ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✸✽ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✸✺ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✸✷ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✷✹ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✷✹ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✵✹ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✾✻ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✽✾ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✽✸ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✻✵ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✹✾ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✷✼ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✷✵ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✶✺ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✼✷ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✻✵ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✺✵ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✸✻ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✸✻ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✸✶ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✷✷ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✶✺ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✵✺ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✾✸ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✾✶ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✻✾ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✺✹ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✺✸ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✺✸ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✹✵ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✸✾ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✵✸ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✻✾ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✺✻ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✹✻ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✹✸ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✽✹ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✽✹ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✼✹ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✼✸ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✺✵ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✷✾ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✼ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✸ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✷ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✼✺ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✺✾✾ ✵✳✺✾✻ ✵✳✺✽✻ ✵✳✺✽✸ ✵✳✺✼✻ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✶ ✵✳✺✻✽ ✵✳✺✻✸ ✵✳✺✹✾ ✵✳✺✸✾ ✵✳✺✸✽ ✵✳✺✸✺ ✵✳✺✸✷ ✵✳✺✷✹ ✵✳✺✷✹ ✵✳✺✵✹ ✵✳✹✾✻ ✵✳✹✽✾ ✵✳✹✽✸ ✵✳✹✻✵ ✵✳✹✹✾ ✵✳✹✷✼ ✵✳✹✷✵ ✵✳✹✶✺ ✵✳✸✼✷ ✵✳✸✻✵ ✵✳✸✺✵ ✵✳✸✸✻ ✵✳✸✸✻ ✵✳✸✸✶ ✵✳✸✷✷ ✵✳✸✶✺ ✵✳✸✵✺ ✵✳✷✾✸ ✵✳✷✾✶ ✵✳✷✻✾ ✵✳✷✺✹ ✵✳✷✺✸ ✵✳✷✺✸ ✵✳✷✹✵ ✵✳✷✸✾ ✵✳✷✵✸ ✵✳✶✻✾ ✵✳✶✺✻ ✵✳✶✹✻ ✵✳✶✹✸ ✵✳✵✽✹ ✵✳✵✽✹ ✵✳✵✼✹ ✵✳✵✼✸ ✵✳✵✺✵ ✵✳✵✷✾ ✵✳✵✷✼ ✵✳✵✵✸ ✵✳✵✵✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✵✿ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✼✶ ✵✳✾✼✶ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✼✵ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✼ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✶ ✵✳✾✻✶ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✼ ✵✳✾✺✼ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✺ ✵✳✾✹✺ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✵ ✵✳✾✹✵ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✹ ✵✳✾✷✹ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✽ ✵✳✾✵✽ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✵ ✵✳✾✵✵ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ✵✳✽✼✺ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✵✳✽✻✽ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✷ ✵✳✽✸✻ ✵✳✽✸✺ ✵✳✽✸✷ ✵✳✽✷✻ ✵✳✽✶✺ ✵✳✽✶✺ ✲✵✳✽✶✷ ✲✵✳✽✶✷ ✲✵✳✽✶✶ ✲✵✳✽✵✾ ✲✵✳✽✵✼ ✲✵✳✽✵✺ ✵✳✽✵✷ ✵✳✽✵✶ ✵✳✽✵✵ ✲✵✳✽✵✵ ✵✳✼✾✾ ✲✵✳✼✾✽ ✵✳✼✾✽ ✵✳✼✾✺ ✵✳✼✾✹ ✵✳✼✾✷ ✵✳✼✾✶ ✵✳✼✽✾ ✲✵✳✼✽✾ ✲✵✳✼✽✾ ✵✳✼✽✼ ✵✳✼✽✻ ✵✳✼✽✹ ✵✳✼✽✸ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✼✽ ✵✳✼✼✼ ✵✳✼✼✼ ✲✵✳✼✼✼ ✲✵✳✼✼✸ ✵✳✼✼✷ ✵✳✼✻✻ ✲✵✳✼✻✶ ❢♦♥t ✵✳✽✼✺ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✵✳✽✻✽ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✷ ✵✳✽✸✻ ✵✳✽✸✺ ✵✳✽✸✷ ✵✳✽✷✻ ✵✳✽✶✺ ✵✳✽✶✺ ✵✳✽✶✷ ✵✳✽✶✷ ✵✳✽✶✶ ✵✳✽✵✾ ✵✳✽✵✼ ✵✳✽✵✺ ✵✳✽✵✷ ✵✳✽✵✶ ✵✳✽✵✵ ✵✳✽✵✵ ✵✳✼✾✾ ✵✳✼✾✽ ✵✳✼✾✽ ✵✳✼✾✺ ✵✳✼✾✹ ✵✳✼✾✷ ✵✳✼✾✶ ✵✳✼✽✾ ✵✳✼✽✾ ✵✳✼✽✾ ✵✳✼✽✼ ✵✳✼✽✻ ✵✳✼✽✹ ✵✳✼✽✸ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✼✽ ✵✳✼✼✼ ✵✳✼✼✼ ✵✳✼✼✼ ✵✳✼✼✸ ✵✳✼✼✷ ✵✳✼✻✻ ✵✳✼✻✶ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✶ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✾ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✾ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✽ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✹✽ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✻ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✹✵ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✽ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✽ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✶ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✺ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✹ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✶✸ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✽ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✵✼ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✸ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✾✻ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✾✷ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✽✵ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✸ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✸ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✵ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✵ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✷ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✶ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✷ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✻ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✺ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✵ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✼ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✻ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✸ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✽ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✾ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✼ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✼ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✸ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✷ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✶ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✸ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✼ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✶ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✵ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✵ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✻✵ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✺✺ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✹✼ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✹✷ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✸✼ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✸✷ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✷✾ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✶✼ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✵ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✵✸ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✼✺✶ ✵✳✼✹✾ ✵✳✼✹✾ ✵✳✼✹✽ ✵✳✼✹✽ ✵✳✼✹✻ ✵✳✼✹✵ ✵✳✼✸✽ ✵✳✼✷✽ ✵✳✼✷✶ ✵✳✼✶✺ ✵✳✼✶✹ ✵✳✼✶✸ ✵✳✼✵✽ ✵✳✼✵✼ ✵✳✼✵✸ ✵✳✻✾✻ ✵✳✻✾✷ ✵✳✻✽✵ ✵✳✻✼✸ ✵✳✻✼✸ ✵✳✻✼✵ ✵✳✻✼✵ ✵✳✻✻✷ ✵✳✻✻✶ ✵✳✻✺✷ ✵✳✻✹✻ ✵✳✻✹✺ ✵✳✻✹✵ ✵✳✻✸✼ ✵✳✻✸✻ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✸✸ ✵✳✻✷✽ ✵✳✻✶✾ ✵✳✻✵✼ ✵✳✺✾✼ ✵✳✺✾✸ ✵✳✺✾✷ ✵✳✺✾✶ ✵✳✺✽✸ ✵✳✺✼✼ ✵✳✺✼✶ ✵✳✺✼✵ ✵✳✺✼✵ ✵✳✺✻✵ ✵✳✺✺✺ ✵✳✺✹✼ ✵✳✺✹✷ ✵✳✺✸✼ ✵✳✺✸✷ ✵✳✺✷✾ ✵✳✺✶✼ ✵✳✺✶✵ ✵✳✺✵✸ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✵ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✾✾ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✾✼ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✾✶ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✼✺ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✻✵ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✹✼ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✸✾ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✸✻ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✸✹ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✷✵ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✶✽ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✶✶ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✵✶ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✺ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✼✶ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✻✺ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✻✸ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✺✸ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✹✶ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✸✽ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✷✻ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✷✵ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✶✶ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✵✽ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✽✽ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✽✶ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✼✺ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✼✸ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✺✹ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✹✼ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✹✹ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✸✼ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✸✻ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✸✺ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✸✷ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✷✹ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✵✷ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✺✺ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✹✹ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✶✹ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✶✸ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✶✷ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✶✵ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✻ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✾✽ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✼✽ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✼✼ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✺✵ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✹✼ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✹✺ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✹ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✶✺ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✶✹ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✾ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✹ ✮✿ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✼✻ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✺✵✵ ✵✳✹✾✾ ✵✳✹✾✼ ✵✳✹✾✶ ✵✳✹✼✺ ✵✳✹✻✵ ✵✳✹✹✼ ✵✳✹✸✾ ✵✳✹✸✻ ✵✳✹✸✹ ✵✳✹✷✵ ✵✳✹✶✽ ✵✳✹✶✶ ✵✳✹✵✶ ✵✳✸✾✺ ✵✳✸✼✶ ✵✳✸✻✺ ✵✳✸✻✸ ✵✳✸✺✸ ✵✳✸✹✶ ✵✳✸✸✽ ✵✳✸✷✻ ✵✳✸✷✵ ✵✳✸✶✶ ✵✳✸✵✽ ✵✳✷✽✽ ✵✳✷✽✶ ✵✳✷✼✺ ✵✳✷✼✸ ✵✳✷✺✹ ✵✳✷✹✼ ✵✳✷✹✹ ✵✳✷✸✼ ✵✳✷✸✻ ✵✳✷✸✺ ✵✳✷✸✷ ✵✳✷✷✹ ✵✳✷✵✷ ✵✳✶✺✺ ✵✳✶✹✹ ✵✳✶✶✹ ✵✳✶✶✸ ✵✳✶✶✷ ✵✳✶✶✵ ✵✳✶✵✻ ✵✳✵✾✽ ✵✳✵✼✽ ✵✳✵✼✼ ✵✳✵✺✵ ✵✳✵✹✼ ✵✳✵✹✺ ✵✳✵✷✹ ✵✳✵✶✺ ✵✳✵✶✹ ✵✳✵✵✾ ✵✳✵✵✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✶✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✲ ✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✷❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✼✵ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✹ ✵✳✾✻✹ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✽ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✼ ✵✳✾✺✼ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✾ ✵✳✾✹✾ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✵ ✵✳✾✹✵ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✼ ✵✳✾✷✼ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✵ ✵✳✾✶✵ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✽ ✵✳✾✵✽ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✽ ✵✳✾✵✽ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✸ ✵✳✾✵✸ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✷ ✵✳✾✵✷ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ❢♦♥t ✮✿ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✾✹ ✵✳✽✽✾ ✲✵✳✽✽✽ ✲✵✳✽✽✸ ✵✳✽✼✹ ✲✵✳✽✻✾ ✵✳✽✻✽ ✲✵✳✽✻✹ ✲✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✹✾ ✵✳✽✸✾ ✲✵✳✽✸✼ ✵✳✽✸✸ ✲✵✳✽✸✵ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✷ ✵✳✽✷✵ ✵✳✽✷✵ ✵✳✽✶✾ ✲✵✳✽✶✾ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✵✳✽✶✷ ✵✳✽✶✷ ✵✳✽✶✶ ✵✳✽✵✾ ✵✳✽✵✺ ✵✳✽✵✺ ✵✳✽✵✸ ✵✳✽✵✷ ✵✳✽✵✷ ✵✳✽✵✶ ✲✵✳✽✵✵ ✵✳✼✽✼ ✵✳✼✽✹ ✲✵✳✼✽✹ ✲✵✳✼✼✽ ✵✳✼✻✺ ✵✳✼✻✵ ✲✵✳✼✺✺ ✲✵✳✼✷✾ ✲✵✳✼✷✻ ✵✳✽✾✹ ✵✳✽✽✾ ✵✳✽✽✽ ✵✳✽✽✸ ✵✳✽✼✹ ✵✳✽✻✾ ✵✳✽✻✽ ✵✳✽✻✹ ✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✺✹ ✵✳✽✹✾ ✵✳✽✸✾ ✵✳✽✸✼ ✵✳✽✸✸ ✵✳✽✸✵ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✸ ✵✳✽✷✷ ✵✳✽✷✵ ✵✳✽✷✵ ✵✳✽✶✾ ✵✳✽✶✾ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✵✳✽✶✷ ✵✳✽✶✷ ✵✳✽✶✶ ✵✳✽✵✾ ✵✳✽✵✺ ✵✳✽✵✺ ✵✳✽✵✸ ✵✳✽✵✷ ✵✳✽✵✷ ✵✳✽✵✶ ✵✳✽✵✵ ✵✳✼✽✼ ✵✳✼✽✹ ✵✳✼✽✹ ✵✳✼✼✽ ✵✳✼✻✺ ✵✳✼✻✵ ✵✳✼✺✺ ✵✳✼✷✾ ✵✳✼✷✻ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✷❪ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✸ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✼ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✾✽ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✾✶ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✼ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✻ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✵ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✻✵ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✺✾ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✽ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✷ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✼ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✸ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✽ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✵ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✸ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✽ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✺ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✻ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✹ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✽✸ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✸ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✻✽ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✹✼ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✸✷ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✸✵ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✷✶ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✷ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✽✽ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✽✺ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✺✻ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✹✼ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✶✽ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✼ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✾✺ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✺ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✸ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✽✹ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✼✾ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✻✸ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✺✶ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✹✼ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✹✻ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✹✹ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✸✸ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✷✽ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✶✸ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✵✹ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✻✾ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✻✺ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✺✵ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✹✾ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✹✷ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✹✷ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✸✼ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✷✼ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✼✷✸ ✵✳✼✶✼ ✵✳✻✾✽ ✵✳✻✾✶ ✵✳✻✼✼ ✵✳✻✼✻ ✵✳✻✼✵ ✵✳✻✻✵ ✵✳✻✺✾ ✵✳✻✺✽ ✵✳✻✺✷ ✵✳✻✸✼ ✵✳✻✸✸ ✵✳✻✷✽ ✵✳✻✷✵ ✵✳✻✶✸ ✵✳✻✵✽ ✵✳✻✵✺ ✵✳✺✾✻ ✵✳✺✾✹ ✵✳✺✽✸ ✵✳✺✽✸ ✵✳✺✻✽ ✵✳✺✹✼ ✵✳✺✸✷ ✵✳✺✸✵ ✵✳✺✷✶ ✵✳✺✵✷ ✵✳✹✽✽ ✵✳✹✽✺ ✵✳✹✺✻ ✵✳✹✹✼ ✵✳✹✶✽ ✵✳✸✾✼ ✵✳✸✾✺ ✵✳✸✾✺ ✵✳✸✾✸ ✵✳✸✽✹ ✵✳✸✼✾ ✵✳✸✻✸ ✵✳✸✺✶ ✵✳✸✹✼ ✵✳✸✹✻ ✵✳✸✹✹ ✵✳✸✸✸ ✵✳✸✷✽ ✵✳✸✶✸ ✵✳✸✵✹ ✵✳✷✻✾ ✵✳✷✻✺ ✵✳✷✺✵ ✵✳✷✹✾ ✵✳✷✹✷ ✵✳✷✹✷ ✵✳✷✸✼ ✵✳✷✷✼ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✷❪ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✶✽ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✶✺ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✵✸ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✵✵ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✾✽ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✾✹ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✾✶ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✽✾ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✾ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✽✾ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✽✼ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✼ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✽✷ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✼✻ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✼✶ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✼✵ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✼✵ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✼✵ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✻✽ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✻✻ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✻✹ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✺✾ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✺✵ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✹✽ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✹✻ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✹✸ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✸✻ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✷✾ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✷✼ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✷✷ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✶✾ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✶✽ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✶✺ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✶✷ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✹ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✸ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✾✺ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✾✷ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✽✵ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✼✻ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✼✻ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✼✷ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✺✵ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✺✵ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✹✺ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✹✺ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✹✶ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✹✵ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✸✸ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✸✷ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✸✶ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✾ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✷✻ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✷✻ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✶✺ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✶✵ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✼✼ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✷✶✽ ✵✳✷✶✺ ✵✳✷✵✸ ✵✳✷✵✵ ✵✳✶✾✽ ✵✳✶✾✹ ✵✳✶✾✶ ✵✳✶✽✾ ✵✳✶✽✾ ✵✳✶✽✾ ✵✳✶✽✼ ✵✳✶✽✼ ✵✳✶✽✷ ✵✳✶✼✻ ✵✳✶✼✶ ✵✳✶✼✵ ✵✳✶✼✵ ✵✳✶✼✵ ✵✳✶✻✽ ✵✳✶✻✻ ✵✳✶✻✹ ✵✳✶✺✾ ✵✳✶✺✵ ✵✳✶✹✽ ✵✳✶✹✻ ✵✳✶✹✸ ✵✳✶✸✻ ✵✳✶✷✾ ✵✳✶✷✼ ✵✳✶✷✷ ✵✳✶✶✾ ✵✳✶✶✽ ✵✳✶✶✺ ✵✳✶✶✷ ✵✳✶✵✹ ✵✳✶✵✸ ✵✳✵✾✺ ✵✳✵✾✷ ✵✳✵✽✵ ✵✳✵✼✻ ✵✳✵✼✻ ✵✳✵✼✷ ✵✳✵✺✵ ✵✳✵✺✵ ✵✳✵✹✺ ✵✳✵✹✺ ✵✳✵✹✶ ✵✳✵✹✵ ✵✳✵✸✸ ✵✳✵✸✷ ✵✳✵✸✶ ✵✳✵✷✾ ✵✳✵✷✻ ✵✳✵✷✻ ✵✳✵✶✺ ✵✳✵✶✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Summary of principal component analysis 2nd derivative 17 d a i 14 d a i 5 ● 6 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● 3 PC2 (26.6% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −3 ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −6 −6 −4 −2 0 2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● −5.0 −2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − ● ● ● ● −4 ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● 0 4 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 − 0 5 PC1 (40.0% var.) 5dai ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − ● ● −6 ● ● −4 ● ● 0 ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● − ● 10 −10 −5 0 5 PC1 (53.4% var.) 3dai 1dbi 6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● −4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● − ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● PC2 (24.9% var.) ●● PC2 (25.5% var.) ● ● ● −4 0 ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 0 ● −3 ●● ● ● ● ● ● −6 − 4 ● −4 ● 0 Group ● Control ● ● ● ● 4 8 PC1 (48.7% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● − Label ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● PC1 (47.8% var.) ● 3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 PC1 (53.7% var.) 8 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● 0 ● PC2 (25.5% var.) PC2 (23.4% var.) 3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 7dai ● ● ● ●● ● PC1 (44.6% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −4 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● −6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● −3 ● ● ● 4 ● ● ● ● 2.5 ● ● ● ● ● 0.0 PC1 (42.0% var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● 10 d a i ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −5 ● PC2 (36.1% var.) PC2 (33.1% var.) ● 3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 12 d a i ● ● ● 4 − PC1 (48.4% var.) 6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● 0 ● ● − ● PC2 (35.5% var.) ● ● ● ● ● Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✹✿ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✼✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✷✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✼ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✻ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✼✸ ✵✳✾✼✸ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✼✶ ✵✳✾✼✶ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✾ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✼ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✻✸ ✵✳✾✻✸ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✾ ✵✳✾✺✾ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✾ ✵✳✾✺✾ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✽ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✼ ✵✳✾✺✼ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✻ ✵✳✾✺✻ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✺ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✸ ✵✳✾✺✸ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✷ ✵✳✾✺✷ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✷ ✵✳✾✺✷ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✵ ✵✳✾✺✵ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✺✵ ✵✳✾✺✵ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✽ ✵✳✾✹✽ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✽ ✵✳✾✹✽ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✼ ✵✳✾✹✼ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✹✺ ✵✳✾✹✺ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✺ ✵✳✾✹✺ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✹ ✵✳✾✹✹ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✷ ✵✳✾✹✷ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✸ ✵✳✾✸✸ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✶ ✵✳✾✸✶ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✼ ✵✳✾✷✼ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✺ ✵✳✾✷✺ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✸ ✵✳✾✷✸ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✶✶ ✵✳✾✶✶ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✸ ✵✳✾✵✸ ✵✳✾✵✵ ✵✳✾✵✵ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✽✾✽ ✵✳✽✼✽ ✵✳✽✻✹ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✲✵✳✽✹✺ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ❢♦♥t ✮✿ ✵✳✽✾✽ ✵✳✽✼✽ ✵✳✽✻✹ ✵✳✽✻✶ ✵✳✽✹✺ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✷✶ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✶✻ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✼✷ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✼✷ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✶ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✶ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✾ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✹✻ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✹✺ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✷✷ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✷ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✷✷ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✶ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✻ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✵ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✵✾ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✼ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✵✶ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✾✺ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✾✹ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✾✹ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✺ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✹ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✶ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✼✻ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✺ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✸ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✺✻ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✼ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✷ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✺ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✺ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✶ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✾ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✾ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✻ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✷ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✶ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✵ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✻ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✾✵ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✾ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✸ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✽✷ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✺ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✻✾ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✼ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✼ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✻ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✺✹ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✺✵ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✹✷ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✹✶ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✹✵ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✹✵ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✽✷✶ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✵✳✼✼✷ ✵✳✼✼✷ ✵✳✼✼✶ ✵✳✼✻✶ ✵✳✼✺✾ ✵✳✼✹✻ ✵✳✼✹✺ ✵✳✼✷✷ ✵✳✼✷✷ ✵✳✼✷✷ ✵✳✼✷✶ ✵✳✼✶✻ ✵✳✼✶✵ ✵✳✼✵✾ ✵✳✼✵✼ ✵✳✼✵✶ ✵✳✻✾✺ ✵✳✻✾✹ ✵✳✻✾✹ ✵✳✻✽✺ ✵✳✻✽✹ ✵✳✻✽✶ ✵✳✻✼✻ ✵✳✻✻✺ ✵✳✻✻✸ ✵✳✻✺✻ ✵✳✻✹✼ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✸✷ ✵✳✻✷✺ ✵✳✻✷✺ ✵✳✻✷✶ ✵✳✻✶✾ ✵✳✻✶✾ ✵✳✻✵✻ ✵✳✻✵✷ ✵✳✻✵✶ ✵✳✻✵✵ ✵✳✺✾✻ ✵✳✺✾✵ ✵✳✺✽✾ ✵✳✺✽✸ ✵✳✺✽✷ ✵✳✺✼✺ ✵✳✺✻✾ ✵✳✺✻✼ ✵✳✺✻✼ ✵✳✺✻✻ ✵✳✺✺✹ ✵✳✺✺✵ ✵✳✺✹✷ ✵✳✺✹✶ ✵✳✺✹✵ ✵✳✺✹✵ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✷✼ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✷✸ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✷✸ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✾ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✺ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✻ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✹ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✶ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✼✸ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✻✾ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✻✾ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✻✹ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✸✺ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✸✵ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✷✽ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✷✹ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✶✶ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✵✶ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✵✶ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✶ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✽✷ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✹✶ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✸✹ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✸✸ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✶✻ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✵✻ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✵✸ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✾✺ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✼✹ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✹✽ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✹✼ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✹✼ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✵✾ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✾✸ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✾✶ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✾ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✼ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✻ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✶ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✼✸ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✼✶ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✺✻ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✺✵ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✹✶ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✸✼ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✸✸ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✸✵ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✶✼ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✾✾ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✾✽ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✾✷ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✼✽ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✼✼ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✻✸ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✹✽ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✸✶ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✼✾ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✺✷✼ ✵✳✺✷✸ ✵✳✺✷✸ ✵✳✺✶✾ ✵✳✺✶✺ ✵✳✺✵✻ ✵✳✺✵✹ ✵✳✺✵✶ ✵✳✹✼✸ ✵✳✹✻✾ ✵✳✹✻✾ ✵✳✹✻✹ ✵✳✹✸✺ ✵✳✹✸✵ ✵✳✹✷✽ ✵✳✹✷✹ ✵✳✹✶✶ ✵✳✹✵✶ ✵✳✹✵✶ ✵✳✸✾✶ ✵✳✸✽✷ ✵✳✸✹✶ ✵✳✸✸✹ ✵✳✸✸✸ ✵✳✸✶✻ ✵✳✸✵✻ ✵✳✸✵✸ ✵✳✷✾✺ ✵✳✷✼✹ ✵✳✷✹✽ ✵✳✷✹✼ ✵✳✷✹✼ ✵✳✷✵✾ ✵✳✶✾✸ ✵✳✶✾✶ ✵✳✶✽✾ ✵✳✶✽✼ ✵✳✶✽✻ ✵✳✶✽✶ ✵✳✶✼✸ ✵✳✶✼✶ ✵✳✶✺✻ ✵✳✶✺✵ ✵✳✶✹✶ ✵✳✶✸✼ ✵✳✶✸✸ ✵✳✶✸✵ ✵✳✶✶✼ ✵✳✵✾✾ ✵✳✵✾✽ ✵✳✵✾✷ ✵✳✵✼✽ ✵✳✵✼✼ ✵✳✵✻✸ ✵✳✵✹✽ ✵✳✵✸✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✸✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✹ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✼ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✻✻ ✵✳✾✻✻ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✻✺ ✵✳✾✻✺ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✻✷ ✵✳✾✻✷ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✽ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✽ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✺✼ ✵✳✾✺✼ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✹ ✵✳✾✺✹ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✺✹ ✵✳✾✺✹ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✵ ✵✳✾✺✵ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✹✽ ✵✳✾✹✽ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✹✷ ✵✳✾✹✷ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✺ ✵✳✾✸✺ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✸✹ ✵✳✾✸✹ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✸ ✵✳✾✸✸ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✸ ✵✳✾✸✸ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✶ ✵✳✾✸✶ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✶ ✵✳✾✸✶ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✸✵ ✵✳✾✸✵ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✺ ✵✳✾✷✺ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✷✺ ✵✳✾✷✺ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✹ ✵✳✾✷✹ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✶✸ ✵✳✾✶✸ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✸ ✵✳✾✶✸ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✷ ✵✳✾✶✷ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✽ ✵✳✾✵✽ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✵✶ ✵✳✾✵✶ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✾✾ ✲✵✳✽✾✾ ✵✳✽✾✶ ✵✳✽✽✾ ✵✳✽✽✻ ✵✳✽✽✷ ✲✵✳✽✽✶ ✵✳✽✼✹ ✵✳✽✼✸ ✲✵✳✽✻✼ ✵✳✽✻✻ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✲✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✶ ✵✳✽✹✹ ✵✳✽✹✸ ✵✳✽✷✻ ✲✵✳✽✷✻ ✵✳✽✷✹ ✲✵✳✽✷✵ ✲✵✳✽✵✾ ✲✵✳✼✾✻ ✵✳✼✾✹ ✵✳✼✾✵ ✲✵✳✼✽✸ ✲✵✳✼✽✶ ✵✳✼✻✻ ✲✵✳✼✻✹ ✵✳✼✻✵ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ❢♦♥t ✮✿ ✵✳✽✾✾ ✵✳✽✾✾ ✵✳✽✾✶ ✵✳✽✽✾ ✵✳✽✽✻ ✵✳✽✽✷ ✵✳✽✽✶ ✵✳✽✼✹ ✵✳✽✼✸ ✵✳✽✻✼ ✵✳✽✻✻ ✵✳✽✺✽ ✵✳✽✺✼ ✵✳✽✺✶ ✵✳✽✹✹ ✵✳✽✹✸ ✵✳✽✷✻ ✵✳✽✷✻ ✵✳✽✷✹ ✵✳✽✷✵ ✵✳✽✵✾ ✵✳✼✾✻ ✵✳✼✾✹ ✵✳✼✾✵ ✵✳✼✽✸ ✵✳✼✽✶ ✵✳✼✻✻ ✵✳✼✻✹ ✵✳✼✻✵ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✺ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✹ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✷ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✹✾ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✾ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✼ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✹✸ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✽ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✸✽ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✸✵ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✷✼ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✸ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✷✸ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✷✸ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✶✾ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✶✽ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✸ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✶✷ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✵✹ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✵✹ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✾✺ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✾✶ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✽✾ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✽✹ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✾ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✻✾ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✼ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✻ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✺✸ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✽ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✹✽ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✻ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✷✻ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✽ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✼ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✵ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✵✾ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✽ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✷ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✵ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✹ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✵ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✹ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✻✻ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✺✼ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✺✵ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✵✼ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✺ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✹ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✵ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✾✺ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✾✸ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✼✼ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✸✵ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✼✺✺ ✵✳✼✺✹ ✵✳✼✺✷ ✵✳✼✹✾ ✵✳✼✹✾ ✵✳✼✹✼ ✵✳✼✹✸ ✵✳✼✸✽ ✵✳✼✸✽ ✵✳✼✸✵ ✵✳✼✷✼ ✵✳✼✷✸ ✵✳✼✷✸ ✵✳✼✷✸ ✵✳✼✶✾ ✵✳✼✶✽ ✵✳✼✶✸ ✵✳✼✶✷ ✵✳✼✵✹ ✵✳✼✵✹ ✵✳✻✾✺ ✵✳✻✾✶ ✵✳✻✽✾ ✵✳✻✽✹ ✵✳✻✼✾ ✵✳✻✻✾ ✵✳✻✻✼ ✵✳✻✻✻ ✵✳✻✺✸ ✵✳✻✹✽ ✵✳✻✹✽ ✵✳✻✸✻ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✷✻ ✵✳✻✶✽ ✵✳✻✶✼ ✵✳✻✶✵ ✵✳✻✵✾ ✵✳✻✵✽ ✵✳✻✵✷ ✵✳✻✵✵ ✵✳✺✽✹ ✵✳✺✽✵ ✵✳✺✼✹ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✻✻ ✵✳✺✺✼ ✵✳✺✺✵ ✵✳✺✵✼ ✵✳✺✵✺ ✵✳✺✵✹ ✵✳✺✵✵ ✵✳✹✾✺ ✵✳✹✾✸ ✵✳✹✼✼ ✵✳✹✸✵ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✷✼ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✶✻ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✶✸ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✺ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✹ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✽✼ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✼✼ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✻✺ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✻✺ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✹✶ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✸✻ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✷✺ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✾✹ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✾✶ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✼✻ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✻✷ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✺✶ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✹✵ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✸✾ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✷✵ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✷✵ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✾ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✽✻ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✽✻ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✻✸ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✻✷ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✺✺ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✹✽ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✹✶ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✸✷ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✷✽ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✷✷ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✷✷ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✷✶ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✶✻ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✶✸ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✶✶ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✵✾ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✽ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✻ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✹ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✹ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✷ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✵✶ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✾✾ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✽✷ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✼✶ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✼✶ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✺✵ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✸✾ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✸✽ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✷✽ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✾ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✵✻ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✶ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✵✵ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✽✵ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✹✷✼ ✵✳✹✶✻ ✵✳✹✶✸ ✵✳✸✾✺ ✵✳✸✾✹ ✵✳✸✽✼ ✵✳✸✼✼ ✵✳✸✻✺ ✵✳✸✻✺ ✵✳✸✹✶ ✵✳✸✸✻ ✵✳✸✷✺ ✵✳✷✾✹ ✵✳✷✾✶ ✵✳✷✼✻ ✵✳✷✻✷ ✵✳✷✺✶ ✵✳✷✹✵ ✵✳✷✸✾ ✵✳✷✷✵ ✵✳✷✷✵ ✵✳✶✽✾ ✵✳✶✽✻ ✵✳✶✽✻ ✵✳✶✻✸ ✵✳✶✻✷ ✵✳✶✺✺ ✵✳✶✹✽ ✵✳✶✹✶ ✵✳✶✸✷ ✵✳✶✷✽ ✵✳✶✷✷ ✵✳✶✷✷ ✵✳✶✷✶ ✵✳✶✶✻ ✵✳✶✶✸ ✵✳✶✶✶ ✵✳✶✵✾ ✵✳✶✵✽ ✵✳✶✵✻ ✵✳✶✵✹ ✵✳✶✵✹ ✵✳✶✵✷ ✵✳✶✵✶ ✵✳✵✾✾ ✵✳✵✽✷ ✵✳✵✼✶ ✵✳✵✼✶ ✵✳✵✺✵ ✵✳✵✸✾ ✵✳✵✸✽ ✵✳✵✷✽ ✵✳✵✵✾ ✵✳✵✵✻ ✵✳✵✵✶ ✵✳✵✵✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✹✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢r♦♠ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛t ✶✷ ❞❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✼✽ ✵✳✾✼✽ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✼✶ ✵✳✾✼✶ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺✼ ✵✳✾✺✼ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✺ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✺✹ ✵✳✾✺✹ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✺✷ ✵✳✾✺✷ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✹✾ ✵✳✾✹✾ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✽ ✵✳✾✹✽ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✹✻ ✵✳✾✹✻ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✹ ✵✳✾✹✹ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✹✶ ✵✳✾✹✶ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✵ ✵✳✾✹✵ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✸✺ ✵✳✾✸✺ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✵ ✵✳✾✸✵ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✷✼ ✵✳✾✷✼ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✷✵ ✵✳✾✷✵ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✶✼ ✵✳✾✶✼ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✻ ✵✳✾✵✻ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✹ ✵✳✾✵✹ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✵✸ ✵✳✾✵✸ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ❢♦♥t ✮✿ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✾✾ ✲✵✳✽✾✼ ✵✳✽✾✻ ✲✵✳✽✾✺ ✵✳✽✾✷ ✵✳✽✽✽ ✲✵✳✽✽✽ ✲✵✳✽✽✺ ✲✵✳✽✽✵ ✲✵✳✽✼✸ ✲✵✳✽✼✷ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✲✵✳✽✻✼ ✲✵✳✽✻✼ ✵✳✽✻✻ ✲✵✳✽✻✹ ✲✵✳✽✺✾ ✲✵✳✽✺✻ ✲✵✳✽✹✸ ✵✳✽✹✸ ✲✵✳✽✹✶ ✵✳✽✹✶ ✲✵✳✽✸✶ ✲✵✳✽✷✺ ✵✳✽✶✼ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✲✵✳✽✵✾ ✲✵✳✽✵✽ ✲✵✳✽✵✹ ✵✳✽✵✸ ✲✵✳✼✾✾ ✵✳✼✾✺ ✵✳✼✽✷ ✲✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✼✻ ✵✳✽✾✾ ✵✳✽✾✼ ✵✳✽✾✻ ✵✳✽✾✺ ✵✳✽✾✷ ✵✳✽✽✽ ✵✳✽✽✽ ✵✳✽✽✺ ✵✳✽✽✵ ✵✳✽✼✸ ✵✳✽✼✷ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✵✳✽✻✼ ✵✳✽✻✼ ✵✳✽✻✻ ✵✳✽✻✹ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✺✻ ✵✳✽✹✸ ✵✳✽✹✸ ✵✳✽✹✶ ✵✳✽✹✶ ✵✳✽✸✶ ✵✳✽✷✺ ✵✳✽✶✼ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✵✳✽✵✾ ✵✳✽✵✽ ✵✳✽✵✹ ✵✳✽✵✸ ✵✳✼✾✾ ✵✳✼✾✺ ✵✳✼✽✷ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✼✻ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✻✾ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✾ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✻✻ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✺✾ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✺ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✺✷ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✺✶ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✺✵ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✹✷ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✷✶ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✷✶ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✷✶ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✶✽ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✶✸ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✼✶✷ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✾✸ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✽✾ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✼✽ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✼✸ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✼✵ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✽ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✻✶ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✺✻ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✺✵ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✶ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✵ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✹✵ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✾ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✽ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✽ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✽ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✽ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✻ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✺ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✹ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✸ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✸ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✸ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✸✶ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✸✵ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✼ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✺ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✷✶ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✾ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✽ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✷ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✻✶✶ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✶✵ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✻ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✻✵✷ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✽ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✽ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✾✷ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✽✽ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✼✻✾ ✵✳✼✻✾ ✵✳✼✻✻ ✵✳✼✺✾ ✵✳✼✺✺ ✵✳✼✺✷ ✵✳✼✺✶ ✵✳✼✺✵ ✵✳✼✹✷ ✵✳✼✷✶ ✵✳✼✷✶ ✵✳✼✷✶ ✵✳✼✶✽ ✵✳✼✶✸ ✵✳✼✶✷ ✵✳✻✾✸ ✵✳✻✽✾ ✵✳✻✼✽ ✵✳✻✼✸ ✵✳✻✼✵ ✵✳✻✻✽ ✵✳✻✻✶ ✵✳✻✺✻ ✵✳✻✺✵ ✵✳✻✹✶ ✵✳✻✹✵ ✵✳✻✹✵ ✵✳✻✸✾ ✵✳✻✸✽ ✵✳✻✸✽ ✵✳✻✸✽ ✵✳✻✸✽ ✵✳✻✸✻ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✸✺ ✵✳✻✸✹ ✵✳✻✸✸ ✵✳✻✸✸ ✵✳✻✸✸ ✵✳✻✸✶ ✵✳✻✸✵ ✵✳✻✷✼ ✵✳✻✷✺ ✵✳✻✷✶ ✵✳✻✶✾ ✵✳✻✶✽ ✵✳✻✶✷ ✵✳✻✶✶ ✵✳✻✶✵ ✵✳✻✵✻ ✵✳✻✵✷ ✵✳✺✾✽ ✵✳✺✾✽ ✵✳✺✾✷ ✵✳✺✽✽ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✼✹ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✸ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✼✵ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✻✵ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✹✻ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✹✵ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✸✶ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✷✵ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✽ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✺✶✼ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✼ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✺✵✺ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✾✺ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✹✻ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✸✾ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✷✾ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✶✾ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✹✶✶ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✹✵✷ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✾✷ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✼✼ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✼✷ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✷✻ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✶✷ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✸✶✵ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✸✵✽ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✾✼ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✽✸ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✼✾ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✼✻ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✼✵ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✺✾ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✺✹ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✹✻ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✸✷ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✷✸ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✷✶✾ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✷✶✹ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✾✸ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✽✺ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✼✾ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✻✽ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✻✼ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✺✶ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✶✸✹ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✸✷ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✶✷✾ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✾✷ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✽✹ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✼✵ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✺✺ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✸✼ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✸✻ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✷✹ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✵✶✾ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✵✶✸ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✽✶ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✺✼✹ ✵✳✺✼✸ ✵✳✺✼✵ ✵✳✺✻✵ ✵✳✺✹✻ ✵✳✺✹✵ ✵✳✺✸✶ ✵✳✺✷✵ ✵✳✺✶✽ ✵✳✺✶✼ ✵✳✺✵✼ ✵✳✺✵✺ ✵✳✹✾✺ ✵✳✹✹✻ ✵✳✹✸✾ ✵✳✹✷✾ ✵✳✹✶✾ ✵✳✹✶✶ ✵✳✹✵✷ ✵✳✸✾✷ ✵✳✸✼✼ ✵✳✸✼✷ ✵✳✸✷✻ ✵✳✸✶✷ ✵✳✸✶✵ ✵✳✸✵✽ ✵✳✷✾✼ ✵✳✷✽✸ ✵✳✷✼✾ ✵✳✷✼✻ ✵✳✷✼✵ ✵✳✷✺✾ ✵✳✷✺✹ ✵✳✷✹✻ ✵✳✷✸✷ ✵✳✷✷✸ ✵✳✷✶✾ ✵✳✷✶✹ ✵✳✶✾✸ ✵✳✶✽✺ ✵✳✶✼✾ ✵✳✶✻✽ ✵✳✶✻✼ ✵✳✶✺✶ ✵✳✶✸✹ ✵✳✶✸✷ ✵✳✶✷✾ ✵✳✵✾✷ ✵✳✵✽✹ ✵✳✵✼✵ ✵✳✵✺✺ ✵✳✵✸✼ ✵✳✵✸✻ ✵✳✵✷✹ ✵✳✵✶✾ ✵✳✵✶✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✺✿ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐t② t❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✶st ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✷♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❇❛♥❞ ❇❛♥❞ ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✺✳✵✺✵❊✲✶✽ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✽✳✸✽✵❊✲✶✻ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✸✳✽✶✵❊✲✶✹ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✻✳✵✶✵❊✲✶✸ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✻✳✸✵✵❊✲✶✷ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✼✳✶✼✵❊✲✶✶ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✶✳✷✸✵❊✲✵✾ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✷✳✻✼✵❊✲✵✽ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❧❡✈❡❧ ✭✵✳✵✺✮✳ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ✻✳✽✸✵❊✲✶✼ ✸✳✵✹✵❊✲✵✺ ✺✳✶✽✵❊✲✵✺ ✷✳✶✽✶❊✲✵✷ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✻✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✜rst✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❜② t❤❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ▼❡t❤♦❞✿ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✼ ✵✳✾✹✾ ✵✳✾✷✹ ✵✳✽✾✺ ✵✳✽✺✾ ✵✳✽✶✽ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✻✻ ✵✳✾✹✷ ✵✳✾✶ ✵✳✽✼✶ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✹✶ ✵✳✾✵✼ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✻✹ ✵✳✾✸✻ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✻✷ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✽✷ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✻ r ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ▼❡t❤♦❞✿ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✽✼✼ ✵✳✽✶✻ ✵✳✼✼✸ ✵✳✼✸✾ ✵✳✼✵✸ ✵✳✻✻✺ ✵✳✻✷✽ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✸✻ ✵✳✽✽✽ ✵✳✽✹✺ ✵✳✼✾✽ ✵✳✼✹✾ ✵✳✼ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✾ ✵✳✾ ✵✳✽✹✽ ✵✳✼✾✸ ✵✳✼✹ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✺ ✵✳✽✾✺ ✵✳✽✸✽ ✵✳✼✽✸ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✹ ✵✳✽✽✼ ✵✳✽✸✶ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✷ ✵✳✽✽✻ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✹ t❛✉ ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮✿ ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ❁ 2.2 × 10−16 ❀ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❧❡✈❡❧ ✭✵✳✵✺✮✳ ✽✷ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✼✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ❜② t❤❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ▼❡t❤♦❞✿ P❡❛rs♦♥ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✶✸ ✵✳✾✵✸ ✲✵✳✽✸✸ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✲✵✳✾✺✼ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✲✵✳✾✹✷ r ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ▼❡t❤♦❞✿ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ t❛✉ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✼✼✼ ✵✳✼✽✵ ✲✵✳✻✾✾ ✵✳✾✵✸ ✲✵✳✽✸✵ ✲✵✳✼✾✺ ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ✭✯✮ ✭✯✮✿ ♣✲✈❛❧✉❡ ❁ 2.2 × 10−16 ❀ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❧❡✈❡❧ ✭✵✳✵✺✮✳ ✽✸ ✽✹ 12 dai 3 dai 14 dai 5 dai 17 dai 7 dai ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✺✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✳ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ 10 dai 1 dbi Low inoculated sample ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✻✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✽✻✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✼✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✽✾✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✽✺ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✽✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✷✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✾✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✺✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✽✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✵✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✽✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✶✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✽✵✵✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✽✼ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✷✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✽✵✸✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✸✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✽✵✻✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✽✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✹✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✺✽✽✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✺✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✶✹✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✽✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✻✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✶✼✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✼✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✼✾✺✲♥♠✲❜❛♥❞✳ ✾✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of complete variable model Linear model / All bands 100 29 50 32 34 34 36 36 37 37 . 8 18 20 24 Percent (%) 25 20 18 20 0 . . Accuracy distribution 29 75 24 2 60 Error distribution 32 40 22 22 20 0 16 34 28 24 . 6 22 . . 2 . 4 2. . 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✽✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐✲ ③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✾✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of complete variable model Radial model / All bands 100 29 29 34 34 37 20 50 32 28 30 32 32 36 36 37 6 2 4 28 26 2 4 6. 4. . 34 26 22 28 32 . 4 Accuracy distribution 75 Percent (%) 25 0 40 30 Error distribution 24 20 30 26 10 0 8. 8 4 4. 2 4 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✶✾✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐✲ ③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✾✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of complete variable model Radial model / All bands 100 29 29 50 34 34 32 32 34 34 34 36 36 36 37 37 2 4 8 28 26 26 Accuracy distribution 75 Percent (%) 25 0 36 36 . . 30 6 30 Error distribution 24 20 28 30 10 0 22 . . 8 6 2. 2 2. 4 . . 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✵✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✶st✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✾✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of complete variable model Linear model / All bands 100 22 18 22 50 30 30 29 29 20 28 32 34 34 28 34 36 36 37 37 6. 2 8. 6 2. . 22 Accuracy distribution 75 Percent (%) 25 0 32 30 . . 24 30 Error distribution 20 22 16 10 0 4 4 6 8. 2 4 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✶✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✷♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✾✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of complete variable model Radial model / All bands 100 29 29 50 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 . . . . . . 30 30 30 30 30 30 . . . . Accuracy distribution 75 Percent (%) 25 0 30 Error distribution 20 10 0 . 2 4 . . 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✷✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✷♥❞✲❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t❛♥❝❡✲✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜❛♥❞s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵ ✾✺ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of reduced−variable model Radial model / Band 714 100 29 29 34 34 36 37 37 4. 8 . 26 22 50 26 Percent (%) 25 0 22 22 20 18 18 8. 8 8 26 26 18 18 8 8 18 . 20 26 Accuracy distribution 75 60 16 24 26 Error distribution 40 20 22 0 16 . 2 8. 4 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✸✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✹✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✾✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of reduced−variable model Linear model / Band 717 100 29 28 50 30 30 30 Percent (%) 24 26 36 37 2. 9. 34 30 25 0 29 30 . 2. 34 34 37 24 16 . 8. Accuracy distribution 75 . 60 Error distribution 34 40 34 20 20 34 34 28 20 0 . . . . 2 . 4 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✹✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✼✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✾✼ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ SVM−performance of reduced−variable model Radial model / Band 717 100 29 29 34 34 36 37 37 2. 8 . 28 20 50 24 26 20 18 22 Accuracy distribution 75 Percent (%) 25 0 20 22 24 20 . . . . 26 16 40 20 24 20 16 0 Error distribution 24 20 . 16 . . 6. 2 . 4 6 . 8 Measurement date Treatment 1. Control 2. Low Inoculated 3. High Inoculated ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✺✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❙❱▼✲♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛♥❞s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✺✽✽✱ ✼✶✼✱ ✼✾✺ ♥♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t✳ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s❂ ✺✵✳ ✾✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✻✿ ■♥❞❡①✲✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❡t s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇s✐✮ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✾✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Manual pixel selection of surface tissue Manual pixel classification Inoculated Control RGB Image Pixel: Healthy t. Damaged t. ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✼✿ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✶✵✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Healthy− and damaged−pixels in PC−coordinate system (surface) 2.5 ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● 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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● PC2 (2.4% explained var.) ● 0.0 −2.5 ● ●● ● ● −5.0 −4 −2 0 2 PC1 (97.3% explained var.) Pixel ● Group ● Damaged ● Healthy ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✽✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲s✉r❢❛❝❡✲t✐ss✉❡✳ ✶✵✶ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✽✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ♣✐①❡❧s ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜✲ s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✾ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❢♦♥t |r| ✵✳✾✾✾ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ |r| ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ❇❛♥❞ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ r ❬P❈✶❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✽ ✵✳✾✼✽ ✵✳✾✼✼ ✵✳✾✼✼ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✺ ✵✳✾✼✹ ✵✳✾✼✸ ✵✳✾✼✸ ✵✳✾✼✷ ✵✳✾✼✶ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✽ ✵✳✾✼✽ ✵✳✾✼✼ ✵✳✾✼✼ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✺ ✵✳✾✼✹ ✵✳✾✼✸ ✵✳✾✼✸ ✵✳✾✼✷ ✵✳✾✼✶ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✼ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✮✿ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✶✵✷ |r| ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Manual pixel selection of inner tissue Manual pixel classification Inoculated Control RGB Image Pixel: Healthy t. Damaged t. ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✷✾✿ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲♣✐①❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐s✲ s✉❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✶✵✸ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Healthy− and damaged−pixels in PC−coordinate system (inner t.) 2 ● PC2 (2.7% explained var.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● 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Pixel ● Group ● Damaged ● Healthy ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✸✵✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst✲ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✲ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲✐♥♥❡r✲t✐ss✉❡ ✶✵✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✶✾✿ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ P❈❆✲❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞✲ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✲ ♣✐①❡❧s ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜✲ s♦❧✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ⑤r⑤ ❬✼✶✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✾✾ ✵✳✾✾✾ ❬✼✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✽✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✼✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✾✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✻✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✵✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✺✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✶✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✷✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✼✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✸✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✵✾ ♥♠❪ ✭✐t❛❧✐❝ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❢♦♥t ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✽ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✼ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✻ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✺ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✹ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✸ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✷ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✶ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✾✵ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❇❛♥❞ r ❬P❈✶❪ ❬✽✵✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✶✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✶✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✵✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✶✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✵✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✷✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✷✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✾✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✷✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✾✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✸✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✾✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✸✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✽✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✸✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✽✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✸✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✽✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✽✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✽✹✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✼✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✾ ❬✼✼✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✹✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✼✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✺✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✸✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✻✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✻✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✺✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✻✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✺✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✺✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✺✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✺✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✹✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✹✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✻✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✹✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✸✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✻✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✼✸✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✻✻ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✺✵✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✻✾ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✽ ❬✽✼✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✻✹✷ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✼✺ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✼✽ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✽✶ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✽✹ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✼ ❬✽✽✼ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✾✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❬✽✾✸ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✽✻ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✾ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✽ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✼ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ✵✳✾✽✻ ❇❛♥❞ ❬✻✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✽✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✵✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✺✵✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✶✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✹✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✷✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✾✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✸✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✹ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✺✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✵ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✽✶ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✼✷ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✸ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✹✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✾✹✼ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✽ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✻ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✺ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✻✾ ♥♠❪ ❬✻✼✷ ♥♠❪ r ❬P❈✶❪ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✽ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✹ ✵✳✾✼✹ ✵✳✾✼✸ ✵✳✾✼✷ ✵✳✾✼✶ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✺ ✵✳✾✻✺ ✵✳✾✻✹ ✵✳✾✻✸ ✵✳✾✻✷ ✵✳✾✻✶ ✵✳✾✻✶ ✵✳✾✻✵ ✵✳✾✻✵ ✵✳✾✺✾ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✼ ✵✳✾✺✻ ✵✳✾✺✻ ✵✳✾✺✻ ✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✹ ✵✳✾✺✸ ✵✳✾✺✶ ✵✳✾✺✶ ✵✳✾✺✵ ⑤r⑤ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✺ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✹ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✸ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✷ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✶ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✽✵ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✾ ✵✳✾✼✽ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✻ ✵✳✾✼✹ ✵✳✾✼✹ ✵✳✾✼✸ ✵✳✾✼✷ ✵✳✾✼✶ ✵✳✾✼✵ ✵✳✾✻✾ ✵✳✾✻✽ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✼ ✵✳✾✻✺ ✵✳✾✻✺ ✵✳✾✻✹ ✵✳✾✻✸ ✵✳✾✻✷ ✵✳✾✻✶ ✵✳✾✻✶ ✵✳✾✻✵ ✵✳✾✻✵ ✵✳✾✺✾ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✽ ✵✳✾✺✼ ✵✳✾✺✻ ✵✳✾✺✻ ✵✳✾✺✻ ✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✺ ✵✳✾✺✹ ✵✳✾✺✸ ✵✳✾✺✶ ✵✳✾✺✶ ✵✳✾✺✵ ❬✾✺✵ ♥♠❪ ✵✳✾✹✽ ✵✳✾✹✽ ✮✿ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜❛♥❞s✳ ✶✵✺ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ Hyperspectral RRCR classification RGB Image Surface t. Rating 54.7 % Inner t. P. classification 35.3 % Pixel: Healthy t. Damaged t. ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✽✳✸✶✿ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♣✐①❡❧ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣✳ ✶✵✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✷✵✿ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✉❛✲ t✐♦♥✳ ❙❛♠♣❧❡ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t ❘❛t✐♥❣ ✭✪✮ ✶ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✷✳✷ ✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✸✳✶ ✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✵✳✹ ✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✵✳✾ ✺ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✵✳✾ ✻ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✶✳✹ ✼ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✸✳✵ ✽ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✷✳✻ ✾ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✺✳✻ ✶✵ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ (∗) ✶✶ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✷✳✺ ✶✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✸✳✷ ✶✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✶✳✾ ✶✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✹✳✻ ✶✺ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✷✳✾ ✶✻ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✺✳✹ ✶✼ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✵✳✼ ✶✽ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✽✳✸ ✶✾ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✹✳✶ ✷✵ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✵✳✹ ✷✶ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✷✳✹ ✷✷ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✵✳✷ ✷✸ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✺✳✹ ✷✹ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✺✳✻ ✷✺ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✸✳✽ ✷✻ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✼✳✻ ✷✼ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✵✳✾ ✷✽ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✷✳✽ ✷✾ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✽✳✻ ✸✵ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✾✳✸ ✸✶ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✽✳✾ ✸✷ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✸✳✷ ✸✸ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✷✳✶ ✸✹ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✶✻✳✸ ✸✺ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✷✳✸ ✸✻ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✶✳✻ ✸✼ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✹✳✼ ✸✽ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✽✳✷ ✸✾ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✺✳✷ ✹✵ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✸✳✾ ✹✶ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✽✵✳✸ ✹✷ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✶✳✻ ✹✸ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✺✳✻ ✹✹ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✸✳✹ ✹✺ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✽✶✳✸ ✹✻ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✸✳✽ ✹✼ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✻✳✹ ✹✽ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✺✳✶ ✹✾ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✽✳✻ ✺✵ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✼✾✳✹ ❉❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧✲✐♠❛❣❡ (∗)✳ ✶✵✼ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✽✳✷✶✿ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❘❘❈❘✲r❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r t✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❡t ❡✈❛❧✉❛✲ t✐♦♥✳ ❙❛♠♣❧❡ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t ❘❛t✐♥❣ ✭✪✮ ✶ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✻✳✹ ✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✶✳✶ ✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✵✳✺ ✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✵✳✻ ✺ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✶✳✷ ✻ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✸✳✺ ✼ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✶✳✷ ✽ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✻✳✽ ✾ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✼✳✻ ✶✵ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ (∗) ✶✶ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✽✳✻ ✶✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✺✳✼ ✶✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✹✳✶ ✶✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✷✳✺ ✶✺ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✵✳✷ ✶✻ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✻✳✼ ✶✼ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✶✵✳✵ ✶✽ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✽✳✷ ✶✾ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✶✶✳✽ ✷✵ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✶✸✳✵ ✷✶ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✷✳✺ ✷✷ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✸✳✸ ✷✸ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✺✳✺ ✷✹ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✸✳✻ ✷✺ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✺✳✵ ✷✻ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✶✹✳✹ ✷✼ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✵✳✼ ✷✽ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✶✳✷ ✷✾ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✹✳✹ ✸✵ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✼✳✾ ✸✶ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✻✳✹ ✸✷ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✳✸ ✸✸ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✵✳✾ ✸✹ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✶✺✳✺ ✸✺ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✶✹✳✶ ✸✻ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✽✳✹ ✸✼ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✺✳✸ ✸✽ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✽✳✻ ✸✾ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✼✳✷ ✹✵ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✾✳✺ ✹✶ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✺✳✾ ✹✷ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✽✳✸ ✹✸ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✵✳✶ ✹✹ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✽✳✷ ✹✺ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✾✳✻ ✹✻ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✼✳✸ ✹✼ ▲♦✇ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✻✹✳✻ ✹✽ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✷✹✳✺ ✹✾ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✹✷✳✽ ✺✵ ❍✐❣❤ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✺✶✳✺ ❉❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧✲✐♠❛❣❡ (∗)✳ ✶✵✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✜rst ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② t❤❡s✐s ❛❞✈✐s♦rs ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ②♦✉ ❤❛❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠❡✳ ▼② ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ t♦ ▼rs✳ ▼❛❤❧❡✐♥ ❢♦r ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ♠❡ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✳ ❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉✱ ▼r✳ P❛✉❧✉s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ✐❞❡❛s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❜r✐♥❣ ♠② ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ♥❡①t ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉✱ ▼r✳ ❱❛rr❡❧♠❛♥✱ t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ♠❡ ✐♥ ❘❤✐③♦❝t♦♥✐❛ r♦♦t r♦t t♦♣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥t✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛❧s♦ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ t❤❡ ❤♦❧❡ st✉✛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ s✉❣❛r ❜❡❡t r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭■❢❩✮ ❢♦r s✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ❣✉✐❞❡ ♠❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s✳ ❚❤❛♥❦s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ●ött✐♥❣❡♥ ❢♦r ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♠❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ st✉❞❡♥t✱ ②♦✉ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡ ■ ❤❛❞ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❨♦✉ s❛✇ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ♦♥ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ■ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ ✐t✳ ▲❛st❧②✱ ■ ✇❛♥t t♦ t❤❛♥❦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❢❛❝✉❧t② ❛t ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ●ött✐♥❣❡♥ ❢♦r t❡❛❝❤ ♠❡ t❤❡ ❛❣r♦♥♦♠② t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ♠② ❇❛❝❤❡❧♦r st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ■ ❧❡❛r♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❧❛st t✇♦ ②❡❛r ✐❣♥✐t❡❞ t❤❡ ✜r❡ ♦❢ ❝✉r✐♦s✐t② ✐♥ ♠② ❤❡❛❞✳ ✶✵✾ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ◗✉✐❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♠✉② ❝♦r❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❡r♦♥ ♣♦❞❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♠✐s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♠❛❡strí❛ ❡♥ ❆❧❡♠❛♥✐❛✳ ❆❧ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❇❡❝❛s ② ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡❧ P❡rú ✭P❘❖◆❆❇❊❈✮ ② ❛❧ ❉❡✉ts❝❤❡r ❆❦❛❞❡♠✐s❝❤❡r ❆✉s✲ t❛✉s❝❤❞✐❡♥st ✭❉❆❆❉✮ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r♠❡ ♣♦♥❡r ❛ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ♠✐s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❇❡❝❛ ❆▲❊P❘❖◆❆✱ ❣r❛❝✐❛s ♣♦r ❡❧ ❛♣♦②♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ◗✉✐❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛ ♠✐ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❚r✉❥✐❧❧♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛s ② ❡❧ ❛♣♦②♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠✐ ♣♦st✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❊s ❛q✉í ❞♦♥❞❡ ♠✐ ♣❛s✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡s ❝r❡❝✐ó✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ② ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦✳ ❆ ♠✐s ♣r♦❢❡s♦r❡s✱ ❡♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠✐ ❛s❡s♦r q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐ó ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❡❧ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ♠❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡ñ♦✳ ❆ ♠✐s ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ✐♥t❡r♠✐♥❛❜❧❡s ❤♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❧♦s ♠✐st❡r✐♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ t♦❞♦s ✉st❡❞❡s ♠✉❝❤❛s ❣r❛❝✐❛s✳ ❉❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦ q✉✐❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ♠✐s s❡r❡s q✉❡r✐❞♦s✳ ❆ ♠✐s ♣❛❞r❡s q✉❡ ❢✉❡r♦♥ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ♠❛❡str♦s q✉❡ t✉✈❡✱ ❧♦s ♠❛❡str♦s ❞❡ ♠✐ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆ ♠✐s ❤❡r♠❛♥♦s✱ ▼✐❣✉❡❧✱ ❈✐♥t②❛ ② ▲✐♥♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦s ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s ② ❧❛ ♣r♦t❡❝❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r♠❛♥♦s ♠❛②♦r❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❜r✐♥❞❛r♦♥✳ ▼❡ ❢❛❧t❛rí❛ ❤♦❥❛s ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ t♦❞❛ ♠✐ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉✐❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❡♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠✐ ♣r✐♠♦ ❖♠❛r ② ❛ ♠✐ tí♦ ❏❛✈✐❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❛♣♦②♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ P❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡st❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛✱ q✉✐❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ♠✐s ❛♠✐❣♦s✳ ❆ ♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♠✐ ✐♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡stá♥ ❡♥ ♠✐s ♣❡♥s❛♠✐❡♥t♦s✱ ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ s❡ ♠❡ ❝r✉③❛ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛✱ s♦♥r✐ó ② ❛❣r❛❞❡③❝♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❢r❛t❡r♥✐❞❛❞ s✐♥ ✐♥t❡rés✳ ●r❛❝✐❛s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥✐ñ❡③✱ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥❝✐❛✱ ② ❥✉✈❡♥t✉❞ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ t❛♥t❛s ❧♦❝✉r❛s ❤✐❝✐♠♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦s ❛ñ♦s✳ ▼✉❝❤❛s ❣r❛❝✐❛s✳ ✶✶✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✽✳ ❆PP❊◆❉■❳ ❉❛♥❦s❛❣✉♥❣❡♥ ▼❡✐♥❡ ❉❛♥❦s❛❣✉♥❣❡♥ ❣❡❤❡♥ ❛✉❝❤ ❛♥ ♠❡✐♥❡ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡ ✐♥ ❉❡✉ts❝❤❧❛♥❞✳ ❉❛♥❦❡ ❞✐r ❋r❛♥③✐ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞ ❯♥t❡rstüt③✉♥❣ ③✉ ❥❡❞❡r ❩❡✐t✳▼✐t ❞✐r ❤❛❜❡ ✐❝❤ ❞✐❡s❡ ❧❛♥❣❡ ❘❡✐s❡ ❛♥❣❡❢❛♥❣❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❙❝❤r✐tt ❢ür ❙❝❤r✐tt ❦♦♥♥t❡♥ ✇✐r ✉♥s❡r❡ ❣❡♠❡✐♥s❛♠❡♥ ❩✐❡❧❡ ❡rr❡✐❝❤❡♥✳ ❏❡t③t ❡♥tst❡❤❡♥ ♥❡✉❡ ❙❡✐t❡♥ ✐♥ ✉♥s❡r❡♠ ❇✉❝❤ ❞❡r ❊❤❡ ✉♥❞ ✐❝❤ ❜✐♥ ❣❧ü❝❦❧✐❝❤✱ ❞❛ss ❞✉ ❞✐❡ ❍❛✉♣t♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st✐♥ ❜✐st✳ ■❝❤ ♠ö❝❤t❡ ♠✐❝❤ ❛✉❝❤ ❜❡✐ ❞❡r ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡ ❊❤♠ ❜❡❞❛♥❦❡♥✱ ✈✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ❈❧❛✉❞✐❛ ✉♥❞ ✈✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ❑❛✐✳ ■❤r ❤❛❜t ♠✐❝❤ ❞✐r❡❦t ✈♦♥ ❆♥❢❛♥❣ ❛♥ ❛❧s ❚❡✐❧ ❞❡r ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡ ❛✉❢❣❡♥♦♠♠❡♥✱ ❛❧s ✇❡♥♥ ✐❝❤ s❝❤♦♥ ❧❛♥❣❡ ❚❡✐❧ ❞✐❡s❡r ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡ ❣❡✇❡s❡♥ ✇är❡✳ ❱✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ❛✉❝❤ ❛♥ ♠❡✐♥❡ ❧✐❡❜❡♥ ❚♦♣s②s✱ ✈✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ❋❛❝✉♥❞♦ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ❊✐♥✲ ❢ü❤r✉♥❣ ✐♥ ●ött✐♥❣❡♥✱ ✈✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ❋r❡✉♥❞❡ ❢ür ❥❡❞❡♥ ❆❜❡♥❞ ✈♦❧❧❡r ❙♣❛ÿ ✉♥❞ ❋r❡✉♥❞s❝❤❛❢t✳ ■❤r ❤❛❜t ❞❡♥ P❧❛t③ ❣❡❢ü❧❧t✱ ❞❡♥ ✐❝❤ ❜❡✐ ♠❡✐♥❡♥ ❋r❡✉♥❞❡♥ ✐♥ P❡r✉ ❧❛ss❡♥ ♠✉sst❡✳ ❱✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ❏✉♥❣s✳ ❱✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ▼❛r❜✉r❣✱ ✈✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ●ött✐♥❣❡♥ ✉♥❞ ✈✐❡❧❡♥ ❉❛♥❦ ❘❡✐♥❢❡❧❞✳ ✶✶✶ Verification of examination registration in FlexNow Name: Mr Abel Andree Barreto Alcántara Matriculation No.: 21623719 Semester: WS18/19 Degree Course: Agrarwissenschaften (Master of Science) Module: Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften Exam: Agrar - Abschlussarbeit Lecturer: PD Dr. Anne-Katrin Mahlein Declaration I hereby declare that I have produced this work independently and without outside assistance, and have used only the sources and tools stated. I have clearly identified the sources of any sections from other works that I have quoted or given in essence. I have complied with the guidelines on good academic practice at the University of Göttingen. If a digital version has been submitted, it is identical to the written one. I am aware that failure to comply with these principles will result in the examination being graded “nicht bestanden”, i.e. failed. Göttingen, 23rd January 2019 Abel Andree Barreto Alcántara This verification was created in FlexNow. Verification of examination registration in FlexNow Name: Mr Abel Andree Barreto Alcántara Matriculation No.: 21623719 Semester: WS18/19 Degree Course: Agrarwissenschaften (Master of Science) Module: Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften Exam: Agrar - Abschlussarbeit Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Mark Varrelmann Declaration I hereby declare that I have produced this work independently and without outside assistance, and have used only the sources and tools stated. I have clearly identified the sources of any sections from other works that I have quoted or given in essence. I have complied with the guidelines on good academic practice at the University of Göttingen. If a digital version has been submitted, it is identical to the written one. I am aware that failure to comply with these principles will result in the examination being graded “nicht bestanden”, i.e. failed. Göttingen, 23rd January 2019 Abel Andree Barreto Alcántara This verification was created in FlexNow.