NITRIFYING BACTERIA PR MIBI II Maja Metz, TU Berlin 06.2025 I1 TABLE OF CONTENCE • nitrogen cycle • bacteria • scientific use • problemes • sources NITROGEN CYCLE N2 Nitrogen NH4+ Ammonium/Ammonia NO2- Nitrite NO3- Nitrate N2 Nitrogen Systematics of the full cycle (I2) S4 AMMONIA-OXIDATION 1. ammonia oxidation (ammonium monooxygenase) into hydroxalamine 2. hydroxalamine diffuses into the interior 3. hydroxalamine-reductase reduces it to nitrite 4. electrons used for oxygen reduction 5. ATP synthase NH3 + O2 → NO2– + 3H+ + 2e– I6, S10 NITRITE-OXIDATION 1. nitrate-nitrite oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite 2. electrons used for oxygen reduction (builds a proton current) 3. ATP synthase NO2– + H2O → NO3– + 2H+ +2e– I7 AMMONIA-OXIDIZING BACTERIA (AOB) morphology: -short to long rods -polar flagella or nonmotile -gram-negativ habitat: -soil -sewage -freshwater -marine metabolism: -aerob -chemolithotroph -oxidising ammonia -some have the enzyme urease which catalysis the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide discovered by Winogradzki 1892 I3 Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Proteobacter Class β-Proteobacteria Order Nitrosomonadales Family Nitrosomonadaceae Genus Nirosomonas S6 AMMONIA-OXIDIZING ARCHAEA (AOA) morphology: -cocci habitat: -soil -marine metabolism: -aerob -oxidising ammonia, methan -some produce laughing gas discovered in 2011 by Christa Schleper in Vienna S13 Kingdom Archaea Phylum Nitrososphaerota Class Proteoarchaeota Order TACK Family Thaumarchaeota Genus/ Spezies Nitrosphaera viennensis S13,S14, S15, NITRITE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA (NOB) morphology: -rod-shaped -non-motile/ single subterminal flagellum -gram-negativ -polar membrane system habitat: -soil -freshwater -marine -sewage metabolism: -obligate aerobes -chemolithotroph/ chemoorganitroph -oxidising nitrite to nitrate I4 Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Proteobacteria Class α-Proteobacteria Order Hyphomicrobiales Family Nitrobacteraceae Genus Nitrobacter S7,S11 NITRITE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA (NOB) morphology: -long rods -non-motile/ single subterminal flagellum -gram-negativ -no membrane system habitat: -marine metabolism: -aerob /can live with low oxygen anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation): NH4+ + NO2− → N2 + 2 H2O I10 Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Nitrospinota Class Nitrospinia Order Nitrospinales Family Nitrospinaceae Genus Nitrospina S12 NITRITE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA (NOB) morphology: -large cocci -one or two subterminal flagella -gram-negativ -membrane system randomly arranged habitat: -marine metabolism: -aerobes -chemolithotroph -oxidising nitrite to nitrate I8 Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Proteobacteria Class γ-proteobacteria Order Chromatiales Family Ectothiorhodospiraceae Genus Nitrococcus S18 NITRITE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA (NOB) morphology: -helical shape -nonmotile -gram-negativ -no internal membranes habitat: -marine metabolism: -aerobes -chemolithotroph -oxidising nitrite to nitrate Comammox" ("complete ammonia oxidizers) I5 Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Nitrospirota Class Nitrospiria Order Nitrospirales Family Nitrospiraceae Genus Nitrospira S8 DISCOVERY OF COMAMMOX BACTERIA (2015) • Holger Daims, Michael Wagner, microbiologists at the University of Vienna: The team examined a bacterial culture from a 1,200 meter deep oil well in Russia. Although this culture completely converted ammonium to nitrate, it only contained bacteria of the genus Nitrospira, which were previously considered to be strict nitrite oxidizers. S16, S17 OVERVIEW • gram-negativ • mostly aerob • natural habitates: soil, water, sewage water • artificial habitats: sewage treatment plants, aquariums • chemolithotroph (except Nitrobacter) ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) • • • • Nitrosomonas Nitrospina Nitrosococcus Nitrosolobus nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) • Nitrobacter • Nitrospira • Nitrococccus • discovered in 1890 by Windogradzki • pH-value: 7,3-8,3 • temperature: 30°C-36°C • often share one habitate • slow population growth Nitrosococcus (I13) S2, S3, S4 BENEFITS natural nitrogen cycle (I2) Environmental Biotechnology wastewater treatment (I11) PROBLEMS lake (I12) high oxigen consumption of nitrifiers causes eutrophication Cologne Cathedral (110) the nitric acid of the nitrifiers attacks the stone SOURCES S1 The Procaryotes 4, Martin Dworkin S2 Biologische Abwasserreinigung s. 305, Springer 2020 Biologische Abwasserreinigung | SpringerLink S3 Wasser Wissen (Uni Bremen) Nitrifikation S4 Umweltmikrobiologie 3, 2020, Springer (S. 21,307) S5 ScienceFacts.net: Nitrification – Definition, Equation, Process, & Diagram S6 Bioniy.com: Nitrosomonas S7 Bionity.com: Nitrobacter S8 Archives of microbiology, Springer, 2013 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf00454947 S9 ScienceDirect: STICKSTOFF IN BÖDEN | Nitrifikation – ScienceDirect S10 Nitrifikation – Ammoniakoxidation (Brock Microbiology) S11 South African Journal of Marine Science 2010: Cultural characteristics and identification of marine nitrifying bacteria from a closed prawn-culture system in Durban S12 Nitrite oxidation in the upper water column and oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean - PMC S13 Journal of microbiology: Ammoniak-oxidierende Archaeen in biologischen Wechselwirkungen | Zeitschrift für Mikrobiologie S14 Energiestoffwechsel:Wie ein Archaeon Ammoniak oxidiert - Natur - derStandard.at › Wissenschaft S15 PNAS: Nitrososphaera viennensis, ein ammoniakoxidierendes Archaeon aus dem Boden | PNAS (Englisch) S16 Natur:Vollständige Nitrifikation durch Nitrospira-Bakterien | Natur S17 Comammox"-Mikroben in Dänemark zur wichtigsten wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung 2015 gekürt S18 Nitrococcus Watson & Waterbury, 1971 - Ocean Biodiversity Information System IMAGE SOURCES I1 Laboranalytik Nitrifikanten in Abwasserproben I2 Wiki Commons: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Nitrogen_Cycle_2.svg I3 http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/8/89/Zdrs0232.jpg/350px-Zdrs0232.jpg I4 Nitrobacter ~ Detailed Information | Photos | Videos I5 Bakterium mit Knalleffekt I6 Nitrifikation – Ammoniakoxidation I7 Brock of Mikrobiology 9, Madigan, Martinko, Parker (2001) I8 Tony's thoughts on the Natural World: 13b. Bacteria and other microorganisms - The nitrifying bacteria I9 Nitrososphaera viennensis, ein ammoniakoxidierendes Archaeon aus dem Boden | PNAS (Englisch) I10 (Desulfobacterales) Отряд, Order Desulfobacterales 3 семейства I10 Wiki Commons File:Kölner Dom - Westfassade 2022 ohne Gerüst-0968.jpg - Wikimedia Commons I11 Activated Sludge Process I12 Schraubenalge, Schrauben-Alge (Spirogyra spec.), Algenteppich Auf Einem Teich, Eutrophierung, Deutschland | Spirogyra (Spirogyra Stockfotografie - Alamy I13 Proposed roles of polyphosphate and pyrophosphate in the Nitrosococcus... | Download Scientific Diagram