Biodiversität in Böden Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum für Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft Universeller phylogenetischer Stammbaum Typen von Mikroorganismen zStoffwechsel {C-Quelle: autotroph – heterotroph {Energie: phototroph – chemotroph {Elektronenquelle: lithotroph – organotroph zWachstumsverhalten {oligotroph – copiotroph {Autotroph – zymogen {K-Strategen – r-Strategen Phylogenetischer Stammbaum der Bakterien Unterscheidung der Bakterien aufgrund der Gramfärbung Unterscheidung der Bakterien aufgrund der Gramfärbung Unterscheidung der Bakterien aufgrund der Gramfärbung Grampositive Zellwand Gramnegative Zellwand Wie viele Bakterienarten kennt man? Gramnegative Bakterien Proteobakterien: α (Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Nitrobacter) β (Nitrosomonas, Spirillum) γ (Azotobacter, Chromatium, Erscherichia, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Methylococcus, Nitrococcus, Nitrosococcus) δ (Bdellovigrio, Desulfovibrio, Myxococcus) ε (Campylobacter, Heliobacter) Escherichia coli Proteobakterien f. 1. Phototrophe Purpurbakterien 2. Nitrifizierende Bakterien 3. Schwefel- und eisenoxidierende Bakterien 4. Wasserstoffoxidierer 5. Methanotrophe und Methylotrophe (Einkohlenstoffverbindungen) Methylococcus sp. Proteobakterien f. 6. Pseudomonaden 7. Essigsäurebakterien 8. Freilebende aerobe Stickstofffixierer 9. Neisseria, Chromobaceterium und Verwandte (Kokkobazillen) 10.Enterobakterien Pseudomonas aeroginosus Enterococcus Proteobakterien f. 10. Vibrio und Photobacterium 11. Rickettsien 12. Spirillen 13. Proteobakterien mit Scheiden 14. Myxobakterien 15. Knospende und gestielte Bakterien 16. Sulfat- und Schwefelreduzierende Bakterien Myxobacteria Gram+ Bakterien z Milchsäurebakterien und Verwandte z Sporenbildner Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus anthracis Sarcina sp. Gram+ Bakterien z Aktinomyceten Cyanobakterien Heterozysten Akineten Phylogenetischer Stammbaum der Archaea Archaea: Methanogene Crenarchea Pyrobaculum Pyrolobus Yellowstone National Park Pyrodictium Obsidian Phylogenetischer Baum der Eukarya Bodenalgen Algenkruste Tintenstrich Grünalge Braunalge Rotalge Kieselalge Phylogeny of Fungi Basidiomycota (mushrooms, rusts, smuts, etc.) Ascomycota (sac fungi, yeast, Penicillium, etc.) Fungi Glomeromycota (arbuscular Mycorrhiza) Chytridiomycota (zoosporic fungi) Zygomycota (bread molds, Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.) Chytridiomycota (primitive fungi) Typically unicellular, or with primitive chains of cells attached to a food base by tapering rhizoids; sexual reproduction is by fusion of motile gametes; asexual reproduction is by cytoplasmic cleavage in a sporangium, producing motile, uniflagellate zoospores. Blastocladiella emersonii Zoospores Chytridium Allomyces Sprophytes Zygomycota (Jochpilze) Asexual reproduction (D) is by production of spores in a sporangium on an aerial hypha termed a sporangiophore. The appearance of these structures leads to the common name "pin moulds". Sexual reproduction (E) is by fusion of two gametangia to produce a black, warty zygospore, with swellings on either side termed suspensors. Hypha with nuclei Rhizopus Mucor Zygote Rhizopus Fruchtschimmel Glomeromycota (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza on root organ culture Spore Archaeospora leptoticha Arbuscel Sporocarp Glomus sinuosum Spore Glomus sp. Ascomycota (Schlauchpilze, sac fungi) Grow as hyphae with cross-walls (septa) or yeasts; sexual reproduction is by fusion of modified hyphae (or yeasts), sometimes by fusion of a "male" spore (spermatium) with a "female" receptive hypha (trichogyne), leading to development of an ascus containing ascospores Flask-shaped fruiting body (perithecium) Sordaria macrospora; the mature ascospores are black. Scarcoscypha Morchel Ascomycota (Schlauchpilze, sac fungi) Keratitis durch Aspergillus sp. Aspergillus sp. Penicillium sp. Trichoderma sp. Basidiomycota (Ständerpilze) Grow as hyphae or yeasts; asexual spores are relatively rare; sexual reproduction is by fusion of compatible hyphae, leading ultimately to production of basidiospores on basidia, sometimes on or in a fruiting body Basidiomycota (Ständerpilze) L and M: cross sections of the gills of a typical toadstool. The basidiospores (seen in Fig. M) are produced from basidia that line the gills. Figure J shows toadstools of Coprinus comatus, one of the 'ink-caps'. The gills are digested progressively and drip down as an inky fluid containing the basidiospores (K). N: A puffball (Lycoperdon species) which contains many basidiospores. The spores are puffed out by falling raindrops Basidiomycota (Ständerpilze) Holzfäulepilz mit 1,7 Meter Durchmesser Wurzel von Ektomykorrhizapilz umwachsen Hexenring Rostpilze Bodenviren Virus barley Virus cauliflore Virus lettuce Wheat mosaic virus