- IfIS - Technische Universität Braunschweig

03.11.2008
1. Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Relational Databases – Repetition
1.3 Why use XML?
1.4 XML & Databases
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.6 Organisational matters
1.7 Overview
1.8 References
XML Databases
1. Introduction, 27.10.08
Silke Eckstein
Andreas Kupfer
Institut für Informationssysteme
Technische Universität Braunschweig
http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
1.1 Motivation
2
1.1 Motivation
• Within the last 10 years XML has become the
de facto standard for data exchange over the web
"If I invent another programming language,
its name will contain the letter X“
3
1.1 Motivation
4
Aim of this lecture
Give answers to the following questions:
– XML is becoming the data "format"
• Amount of XML is ever increasing
• DBMS are good at handling GBs and TBs of data
• What (additional) concepts do we need in order
to store XML data in a RDBMS?
– Accepted model for semi-structured data
• Overcome limitations of structured data
• Extend usefulness of DBMS
– DB technology is not limited to DBMS
• What concepts are crucial in order to build native
XML-DBMS systems?
• Apps servers, application integration
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
1.1 Motivation
• Why is XML relevant from DB perspective?
[Fisch05]
The latest office documents
SVG graphics files
Lots of conguration files
Some WebCMSs store page contents in XML format
Mpeg7 is a standard for describing media meta data in XML
format
• ...
•
•
•
•
•
– In order to see examples of XML-structured documents,
browse through your computer's file system and check for
file contents starting with "<?xml "!
(N. Wirth, Software Pioniere Konferenz, Bonn 2001)
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
– Examples:
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
Outline
1.2 Relational Databases
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Relational Databases – Repetition
1.3 Why use XML?
1.4 XML & Databases
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.6 Organisational matters
1.7 Overview
1.8 References
What is a Database?
• A database (DB) is a collection of related data
– Represents some aspects of the real world
• Universe of Discourse (UoD)
– Data is logically coherent
– Is provided for an intended group of users and
applications
7
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
[EN06, 1.1]
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
1.2 Relational Databases
1.2 Relational Databases
What is a Database Management System?
• A database management system (DBMS) is a
collection of programs to maintain a database, i.e.
for
Why not use the File System?
• File management systems are physical interfaces
– Definition of Data and Structure
– Physical Construction
– Manipulation
– Sharing/Protecting
– Persistence/Recovery
[EN06, 1.1]
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
Customer
Data
S
y
s
t
e
m
Loans
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1.2 Relational Databases
App
1
Customer Letters
Money Transfer
App
2
Balance Sheets
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.2 Relational Databases
File Systems
• Advantages
• Databases are logical interfaces
– Controlled redundancy
– Data consistency & integrity constraints
– Integration of data
– Effective and secure data sharing
– Backup and recovery
– Fast and easy access
• Disadvantages
– Uncontrolled redundancy
– Inconsistent data
– Limited data sharing and access rights
– Poor enforcement of standards
– Excessive data and access paths maintenance
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
F
i
l
e
Account
Data
• However…
– More complex
– More expensive data access
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
1.2 Relational Databases
1.2 Relational Databases
• Databases control redundancy
• Databases aim at efficient manipulation of data
– Same data used by different applications/tasks is only
stored once
– Access via a single interface provided by DBMS
– Redundancy only purposefully used to speed up data
access (e.g. materialized views)
– Physical tuning allows for good data allocation
– Indexes speed up search and access
– Query plans are optimized for improved performance
• Example: Simple Index
• Databases are well-structured
– Catalog (data dictionary) contains all meta-data
– Defines the structure of the data in the database
[EN06, 1.6.1, 1.3]
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
[EN06, 1.3]
1.2 Relational Databases
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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– Views provide a different perspective
of the DB
• A user’s conceptual understanding or
task-based excerpt of all data (e.g. aggregations)
• Security considerations and access control (e.g. projections)
– For the application, a view does not differ from a table
– Views may contain subsets of a DB and/or contain
virtual data
Disk 2
AccNo
checking
5539783
• Databases support multiple views of the data
DBMS
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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€ 312.10
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1.2 Relational Databases
Application
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DBMS
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• Example: Schema is changed and table-space moved
without an application noticing
balance
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1.2 Relational Databases
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AccNo
Application
– DBMS-controlled parts of the file system are strongly
protected against outside manipulation (tablespaces)
AccNo
balance
saving
SELEC T AccNo FROM account WHERE balance>0
• Data is strictly typed (Integer, Timestamp,VarChar,…)
• Details on where data is actually stored and how it is accessed is
hidden by the DBMS
• Applications can access and manipulate data by invoking abstract
operations (e.g. SQL Select statements)
Disk 1
type
1278945
• Example: Schema is changed and table-space moved
without an application noticing
– Database employs data abstraction by providing data
models
– Applications work only on the conceptual
representation of data
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
AccNo
1.2 Relational Databases
• Isolation between applications and data
[EN06, 1.3]
Data File
Index File
• Virtual data is derived from the DB (mostly by simple SQL
statements, e.g. joins over several tables)
• Can either be computed at query time or materialized upfront
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[EN06, 1.3]
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
1.2 Relational Databases
1.2 Relational Databases
• Sharing of data and support for atomic multiuser transactions
• Persistence of data and disaster recovery
– Data needs to be persistent and accessible at all times
– Quick recovery from system
crashes without data loss
– Recovery from natural
desasters ( fire, earthquakes,…)
– Multiple user and applications may access the DB at
the same time
– Concurrency control is necessary for maintaining
consistency
– Transactions need to be
atomic and isolated
from each other
[EN06, 1.3]
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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[EN06, 1.3]
Outline
1.3 Why use XML?
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Relational Databases – Repetition
1.3 Why use XML?
1.4 XML & Databases
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.6 Organisational matters
1.7 Overview
1.8 References
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
• Bioinformatics example:
• Presentation and processing of database query
results
– Flat file
– Web page
– HTML text
– XML text
– Search in TRANSPATH database for molecule "TLR4"
21
Molecule name
Molecule name
Gene Ontology
references
Species
Links to other DBs
Gene Ontology
references
Reactions the molecule
participates in
Reactions the molecule
participates in
Publications
Publications
Web page
Originator
Flat file
Key
Originator
Links to other DBs
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
Key
Species
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
Key
Key
Originator
Originator
Molecule name
XML
HTML
Molecule name
Species
Links to other DBs
Gene Ontology
references
Species
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
1.3 Why use XML?
• Flat files
• HTML
• Solution
1.3 Why use XML?
• Little layout information
• Suitable for presentation only to a
limited extent
• Can be parsed, but cumbersome
•
•
•
•
26
Only layout information
Good for presentation
Automatic processing difficult
Just as generation of other
presentation formats
• What is XML?
– The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is the
universal format for structured documents and data
on the Web.
– Base specifications:
• XML 1.0,W3C Recommendation Feb '98
• XML 1.1 (2nd Ed.), W3C Recommendation Aug '06
• Namespaces, W3C Recommendation Jan '99
• Separation of layout and content
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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[Fisch05]
1.3 Why use XML?
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1.3 Why use XML?
• XML Data Example
• What is XML now then?
– XML is semi-structured text
– XML is a tag-based markup-language (like HTML)
<Buch>
<Autor id="1234567890">Rainer Eckstein</Autor>
<Autor id="1234568723">Silke Eckstein</Autor>
<Titel>XML und Datenmodellierung</Titel>
<Untertitel>XML-Schema ...</Untertitel>
<Verlag id="3-89864">dpunkt.Verlag</Verlag>
</Buch>
• eXtensible Markup Language
– XML was designed to exchange data
– XML tags are not predefined
• Tags are defined in a separate schema
− Syntax, no abstract model
− Documents, elements and attributes
− Tree-based, nested, hierarchically organized
structure
– XML is designed to be self-descriptive
– XML is a W3C Recommendation
– XML became highly popular due to its simplicity and
flexibility
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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[Fisch05]
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
Outline
1.4 XML & Databases
• Database world
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Relational Databases – Repetition
1.3 Why use XML?
1.4 XML & Databases
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.6 Organisational matters
1.7 Overview
1.8 References
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
– 1970 relational
databases
– 1990 nested relational
model and object
oriented databases
– 1995 semi-structured
databases
31
32
– Semi-structured, e.g., XML
• Structure of data follows a template,
but still allows for a degree of flexibility
• Data instances following the same schema
may have a different structure
• Often, complex relationships between data are
allowed (associations, inheritance, sub-classing,
aggregation, etc.)
• Queries often involve those relationships
• Structure explicitly specified in schema
• Every tuple in a table has the same attributes and domains
• Queries can take advantage of structure
– Unstructured, e.g., information retrieval systems
• Often just full text with no or only limited structure
information
• Properties of data usually unknown
• Queries difficult to evaluate
33
1.4 XML & Databases
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.4 XML & Databases
• XML
• Relational data
– 1st killer application:
Publishing industry
– Invented as a syntax for
data, only later an abstract
data model
– Philosophy: data and
schemas should not be
correlated, data can exist
with or without schema, or
with multiple schemas
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
• But there is also something in between
– Structured, e.g., relational databases
– Killer Application:
Banking
– Invented as a
mathematically clean
abstract data model
– Philosophy: schema first,
then data
[Fisch05]
1.4 XML & Databases
• Information systems have different degrees of
data structure rigidness
• Relational data
– 1974 SGML (Structured
Generalized Markup
Language)
– 1990 HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language)
– 1992 URL (Universal
Resource Locator)
Data + documents = information
1996 XML (Extensible Markup Language)
URI (Universal Resource Identifier)
1.4 XML & Databases
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
• Documents world
35
– Never had a standard
syntax for data
– Strict rules for data
normalization, flat
tables
– Order is irrelevant,
textual data supported
but not primary goal
• XML
– Standard syntax existed
– No data normalization,
flexibility is a must,
nesting is good
– Order may be very
important, textual data
support a primary goal
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
1.4 XML & Databases
1.4 XML & Databases
• Document-Centric XML
• Data-Centric XML
– Just loosely structured with a lot of unstructured text
– Often intended to for
human consumption
– Querying and processing quite difficult
– Advantages of relational DBs don’t pay
of
– Additional IR techniques advantageous
– XML is used to store or transport regularly
structured and fine grained data
– Data can be mapped to relational tables with some
tricks
– Is often designed to be processed by machines Table
Columns
Aggregated Columns? Foreign Keys?
Another table?
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.4 XML & Databases
• Many of these requirements can be fulfilled by
specialized standards and technologies
– Storage:
– Generally speaking… yes. But a crappy one!
– For allowing effective XML use, we additionally need
• XML document on the file system
– Queries:
Storage schemes for efficiently storing even huge documents
Query Languages
Schema Languages
Support for data integrity and transactions (ACID)
Support for data security
Programming Interfaces
… and all the other thing we know from real DBMS systems
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
• Simple queries with XPath
• Complex queries with XQuery
– Schemas:
• Simple schemas with DTD
• Complex schemas XML-Schema (XSD)
– Programming Interfaces:
• Provided by various implementations of SAX, DOM, STAX, …
39
1.4 XML & Databases
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.4 XML & Databases
• Still, those isolated technologies are not yet a real
DBMS
• The topic of XML Databases deals with
integrating them into a fully functional DBMS
• Two options
– Integrating XML support into RDMS systems
• Especially suited for data-centric XML
– Building native XML-DBMS systems
• Suited for data-centric and document centric XML
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.4 XML & Databases
• XML documents thus can store all kinds of data
• Thus, is an XML document already a database?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
• What are XML supporting RDBMS?
– Maps XML data into relational tables
– Main problem: How to create an efficient and meaningful
mapping?
• What are native XML databases?
– „Native“ is a marketing term
– Common Agreement:
• Native XML DBs works with a logical model of the XML document
(not directly with the data)
– i.e. nodes, attributes, types, tree structure, CDATA entries, …
• XML is the primary form of storage
• Are not limited to a particular storage model (could use a relational
DB, an object DB, file system, etc)
– Main problem: How to query and store effieciently?
41
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
1.2 XML & Databases
1.4 XML & Databases
• Example (very simple):
• RDBMS with XML support
Relational Mapping
Flights
id
airline
origin
destination
1
ABC Air
Dallas
Fort Worth
id
departure
arrival
flight_ref
1
09:15
09:16
1
2
11:15
11:16
3
13:15
13:16
Flight
Native Mapping
Tags
id
parent
name
value
1
1
null
Flights
null
1
2
1
Airline
ABC Air
3
1
Origin
Dallas
4
1
Destination
Fort Worth
5
1
Flight
Null
6
4
Departure
09:15
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
• Native XML-DBMS systems
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
Outline
1.5 XML Fundamentals
• Reasons for the XML success:
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Relational Databases – Repetition
1.3 Why use XML?
1.4 XML & Databases
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.6 Organisational matters
1.7 Overview
1.8 References
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
45
1.5 XML Fundamentals
XML is a general data representation format
XML is human readable
XML is machine readable
XML is internationalized (UNICODE)
XML is platform independent
XML is vendor independent
XML is endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium
XML is not a new technology
XML is not only a data representation format, it’s a full
infrastructure of technologies
[Fisch05]
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.5 XML Fundamentals
• W3C Process
• W3C: World Wide Web Consortium
– Established in 1994
– Initiator:Tim Berners-Lee
– Over 400 member organizations from more
than 40 countries
– Mission:
• " To lead the World Wide Web to its full potential
by developing protocols and guidelines that
ensure long-term growth for the Web."
Source: Mario Jeckle, www.jeckle.de
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.5 XML Fundamentals
• Document Type Definition
• Structure of XML documents
– XML prolog
– Document Type Definition (DTD)
– Document Instance
<!DOCTYPE Bücher [
<!ELEMENT Bücher (Buch)* >
<!ELEMENT Buch (Autor+, Titel, Untertitel?, Verlag >
<!ELEMENT Autor (#PCDATA) >
<!ATTLIST Autor
id
ID
#REQUIRED
email CDATA #IMPLIED
>
<Bücher>
<Buch>
<Autor id="1234567890">Rainer Eckstein</Autor>
<Autor id="1234568723">Silke Eckstein</Autor>
<Titel>XML und Datenmodellierung</Titel>
<Untertitel>XML-Schema ...</Untertitel>
<Verlag id="3-89864">dpunkt.Verlag</Verlag>
<!ELEMENT Titel (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT Untertitel (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT Verlag (#PCDATA)>
]>
</Buch>
</Bücher>
– Validity
– Have to be well-formed
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.5 XML Fundamentals
• XML Schema
• Misunderstanding about XML
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xsd:element name="Bücher">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="Buch" maxOccurs="unbounded" minOccurs="0" >
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="Autor" maxOccurs="unbounded" >
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:simpleContent>
<xsd:extension base="string">
<xsd:attribute name="id" type="ID"/>
<xsd:attribute name="email" type="string"/>
</xsd:extension>
</xsd:simpleContent>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
...
</xsd:schema>
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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– “Data is self-describing.”
– Tags don’t hold semantics, they only hold the
structure of the information
– The interpretation of the tags is in the application that
handles the data, not in the tags themselves.
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1.5 XML Fundamentals
[Fisch05]
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.5 XML Fundamentals
• XML as a family of technologies
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
XML Information Set
XML Schema
XML Query
The Extensible Stylesheet Transformation Language (XSLT)
XLink, XPointer
XML Forms
XML Protocol
XML Encryption
XML Signature
Others
… almost all the pieces needed for a good
XML-based information hub
Source: Mario Jeckle, www.jeckle.de
[Fisch05]
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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03.11.2008
1.5 XML Fundamentals
Outline
• Overview of XML Technologies
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Relational Databases – Repetition
1.3 Why use XML?
1.4 XML & Databases
1.5 XML Fundamentals
1.6 Organisational matters
1.7 Overview
1.8 References
– W3C Standards
•
•
•
•
Data: XML, Namespaces, Infoset, Schema
Communication: SOAP, Encryption,WSDL, UDDI
Processing: Xpath, XSLT, Xquery, Xupdate, Xquery Text
Integration: RDF, OWL
– Other Standards
• Vertical domains: RosettaNet, ebXML, SBML, GML
• Workflow: BPEL
• Interfaces: DOM, SAX, JAXP, SQL/XML
[Fisch05]
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
1.6 Organisational matters
1.6 Organisational matters
• Who is who ?
• Lectures:
– Silke Eckstein
– Monday, 9:45 – 11:15, (IZ 131, lecture)
– Monday, 11:30 – 12: 15, (IZ 131, tutorial)
• (Lecture, exams)
– Andreas Kupfer
• Office hours:
• (Tutorial)
– Silke Eckstein: Tuesday, 12:30 – 13:30, IZ 232
– Andreas Kupfer: Friday, 10:30 – 11:30, IZ 213
– Regine Dalkıran
• (Office)
• Course homepage:
– Wolf-Tilo Balke
– http://infbsdb1.idb.cs.tu-bs.de/eckstein/xmldatabases
– lecture notes, links, latest news etc.
• (Head)
• In case of questions, don't hesitate to ask us.
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
1.6 Organisational matters
58
1.7 Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
XML Basics
Schema definition
XML query languages I
Mapping relational data
to XML
6. SQL/XML
7. XML processing
• Assignments:
– Presentations as well as programming
– Details will be announced
• Credits: 4
• Exams: Oral
– Master students: agree on certain week in
Feb./Mar.
– Diploma students: on appointment
8. XML query languages II
9. XML storage I
10. XML storage - index
11. XML storage - native
12. Updates / Transactions
13. Systems
14. XML Benchmarks
Please contact R. Dalkiran (regine.dalkiran at tu-braunschweig.de)
for an exam appointment.
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03.11.2008
1.8 References
1.8 References
• http://www.w3.org/ [W3C]
• XQuery: Grundlagen und fortgeschrittene Methoden
[LS04]
• XML in a Nutshell [HM04]
– Lehner & Schöning
– Dpunkt-Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3898642666
– Harold & Means
– O'Reilly, 2004, ISBN 0596007647
• XML & Datenbanken. Konzepte, Sprachen und
Systeme [KM02]
• Beginning XML Databases [Pow07]
– Gavin Powell
– Wiley & Sons, 2007, ISBN 0471791202
– Klettke & Meyer
– Dpunkt-Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3898641481
• XML und Datenbanken [Sch02]
• Peter Fischer, "XML und Datenbanken", Lecture, ETH
Zürich, WS 05/06 [Fisch05]
– Harald Schöning
– Hanser, 2002, ISBN 3446220089
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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1.8 References
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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Questions, Ideas, Comments
• Fundamentals of Database Systems [EN06]
• Now, or ...
– Elmasri & Navathe
– Addison Wesley, 2006, ISBN 032141506X
• Room:
IZ 232
• Office our:
Tuesday, 12:30 – 13:30 Uhr
or on appointment
• Email:
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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[email protected]
XML Databases – Silke Eckstein – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig
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11