Current Debates on District Cooling in Germany

Erzeugung & KWK & KWK
Wärmeerzeugung
Current Debates on District Cooling in Germany
Dipl.-Ing. Mgr. Maria Grajcar, MA
District Heating Research Workshop
Tallinn, 11th December 2014
Source: raamatukava.wordpress.com
Source:http://estonianworld.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/Laikmaa_marie_under1-1.jpg
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http://www.estlit.ee/elis/?cmd=
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Juhan Viiding (Jüri Üdi)
» A cold day
The walls already have mouse-ears,
and every door a secret eye.
My ears are bad, I creep
on tiptoe. But the day is cold.
Words: truth, justice, diligence,
are broadcast and they boom.
Eyes spying, bodies stooping
buying the evening paper
yesterday morning’s young people —
today appear already senile.
I have taken notes.
I haven’t barked.
Translated by Jüri Talvet and H. L. Hix
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Marie Under
Question
» We saw those berries, over-ripe and glowing,
in weak and tepid light of the October sun
persisting red as blood, in right full-growing,
without much inkling of the winter clouds to come.
» And then a wind-gust brushed those heavy bunches:
and some of them burst, falling to the ground
on wilted grass, soon after, under branches
gold leaves with purple berries lay around.
» And hand in hand we walked uphill together
and pushed by the capricious wind’s bad weather,
eye to eye, as in anxiety, we asked:
» our love’s moist, joyful red in present flowering,
will life’s wind carry it away, devouring,
» or will it fall to the grave’s soil, and last?
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Jaan Kaplinski: This morning was cold
The Wandering Border
This morning was cold, but it warmed about mid-day.
Blue clouds piled up in the north.
I came from a meeting -a discussion of
the teaching of classical languagesand I was sitting by the river with a friend
who wanted to tell me his troubles.
The water was still high. Two boys
were throwing pebbles from the bank into the river.
I had no counsel to offer… There were
no benches on the bank -probably night vandals
had thrown them into the water once again.
The sun slipped behind a cloud. We were freezing.
We rose and went back to town.
Perhaps he could see his course.
I stopped at a shop for oatmeal and bread.
It was June. Going home, I saw
three young militiamen winding their Rubik’s cube.
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Source: http://thebigbangtheoryfanblog.wordpress.com/
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This morning was cold, but it warmed about mid-day – on the
principles.
» Rudolf Clausius (1850)
Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other
change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.
„cooling“ means to remove heat –
Thermodynamical processes for heat supply: phase changes
1. Ice melting – enthalpy of fusion (latent heat of fusion) too low (H2O 334
kJ/kg)
2. Evaporation of liquids- latent heat of vaporization (H2O 2260 kJ/kg)
A. Mechanically Driven Compression chillers (source: electricity, 15 %)
B. Thermally driven cooling: Absorption chillers (source: heat)
What says wikipedia? District cooling is the opposite of district heating.
Source of the picture: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius
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This morning was cold, but it warmed about mid-day – on the
principles.
Absorption chiller- machine driven by heat, producing chilled water for
space and ventialation air cooling
Source: www.bine.info
Requires two working fluids: a refrigerant (water) and a sorbent solution of
the refrigerant BrLi)
Chilled water distribution
network:
flow temperature 4 - 5 °C,
return temperature:12-15 °C.
The wider temperature
spread, the lower quantity of
circulating water required
Source: http://www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs.html
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This morning was cold, but it warmed about mid-day – on
district cooling system architecture
Ellectrically
driven
compression
chiller
Absorption
chiller
Natural
cooling
Heat
exchanger
Source: Rescue: Quality Analysis of DC Showcases
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This morning was cold, but it warmed about mid-day – on the
principles of the absorption chiller.
Evaporator
Source: http://info-technilogy.blogspot.de/2011/06/absorption-chiller.html
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Blue clouds piled up in the north or – on heat sources for
district cooling.
» The main idea: to use energy that would otherwise be wasted
or natural cooling
a. Free cooling:
Deep Sea water ( called „free cooling“) in Stockholm
Deep lake water cooling (75 m)
Natural gas expander stations in gas transmission pipelines at pressure
reduction stations
b. Absorption chillers (waste heat from industry, waste-to-energy plants or
CHP), Barcelona, Vienna, Halmstad, Copenhagen
c. Compression chillers (Stockholm)
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Blue clouds piled up in the north or – on heat sources for
district cooling.
Source: Quality Analysis of DC Showcases. Rescue-Project.
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Blue clouds piled up in the north- on success stories of district
cooling
Katri Vala- heat pump plant
District heat output: 90 MWth
Cooling output: 60 MW
Sources: sea water, heat pump, absorption cooling (waste heat)
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Blue clouds piled up in the north- on success stories of district
cooling
Vattenfall, Berlin, Potsdamer Platz, simultaneously built with city district
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I came from a meeting -a discussion of
» Discussion on technical parameters – the Coefficient of Performance
» Deep sea water cooling plants: COPel 15-40
» High-efficient DC plants with a large amount of natural cooling: COPel 1015
» District cooling plants with some free cooling: COPel 7-9
» DC plants utilizing only natural cooling from cooling tovers in warmer
countries: COPel 4.5 -6
» COPel of absorption chillers: 0.7 (produced cold in relation to heat input).
» COPel compression cooling: 3 - 4
» Meeting: 15th December 2014, Berlin Podium Discussion without Audience
Discussion on economic efficiency
Results of the meeting published on: http://www.rescue-project.eu
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I came from a meeting -a discussion of
Re-cooling
External
heat source
Thermally
driven cooling
machine
Customer
Installation
Source: AGFW
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the teaching of classical languages
• Current cooling
market in EU28
close to 2010
• Estimations
from the
STRATEGO
project
somehow lower
Source: Presentation Cooling Demands in buildings in EU28, Sven Werner,
Halmstad University, 4th November 2014
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and I was sitting by the river with a friend… or on cooling
demand in neighouring countries
How much of cool energy do we
need in Europe?
Cooling Demand- average
specific for service sector
•
•
•
1st preliminary results done by
Halmstad University, Sweden
Based on 80 European locations
Simple assumption: cooling
demands in the residential sector
are about ½ of the cooling
demands in the service sector
Source: Presentation Cooling Demands in buildings in EU28,
Sven Werner, Halmstad University, 4th November 2014
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who wanted to tell me his troubles.
» Entrance barriers
» District cooling networks are too expensive:
» investment cost
» the running costs
» ? Losses of the piping system- annual temperature of soil: 10°C
» Lack of the market analysis in the certain area
» Losing key customers due to slow actions and long permission process.
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The water was still high. Two boys
were throwing pebbles from the bank into the river.
The poem just
presents an
ordinary life
situation in crystal
clarity without
meddling into it.
Conclusions
http://www.wikiart.org/en/karoly-ferenczy/boys-throwing-pebbles-into-the-river1890
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