Echo GCSE Rot PB Grammar_FINAL.indd
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Grammatik Joining up sentences Bronze Co-ordinating conjunctions Conjunctions are small words which join together two sentences or parts of sentences to form longer sentences. Here are four common ones in German: aber but denn as / because oder or und and Ich finde Rap-Musik schrecklich, aber Trance ist ganz gut. I find rap music awful but trance is quite good. They do not affect the order of sentences and are very easy to use. Notice that you have to put a comma before aber but not before und. 3 Subordinating clauses; verb comma verb. a If a sentence begins with a subordinating conjunction the verb is kicked to the end of the clause. Man fährt im Auto. Wenn man im Auto fährt ... You drive in the car. When you drive in the car ... b This whole clause becomes the first idea in the sentence, so the verb of the main clause needs to come next, because the main verb in a sentence should be in second position. Or just remember, verb – comma – verb. Man fährt im Auto. Man kann im Radio Musik hören. Wenn man im Auto fährt, KANN man im Radio Musik hören. Silver now in 1st position 1 These conjunctions change word order in German. If a sentence or a clause begins with a subordinating conjunction it ‘kicks’ the verb to the end of the clause. The following conjunctions are ‘kicking conjunctions’. als when (one occasion, past tense) ob whether although bevor before obwohl bis until während while da because / since was what so that wie how damit dass that weil because when / if (present / future) nachdem after wenn wo where Ich arbeite als Lehrer. Ich mag Kinder. ich MAG Kinder. WEIL Ich arbeite als Lehrer, weil ich Kinder mag. I work as a teacher because I like children. Ich will heiraten. Ich finde eine Partnerin. Ich will heiraten, SOBALD any other information F When you drive in the car you can listen to music on the radio. Subordinating conjunctions Ich arbeite als Lehrer, 2 Gold um ... zu Relative pronouns This phrase means in order to. In German we always need to use this construction even though we often leave it out in English. For example, we say “we will use new technologies to solve problems” when we mean “we will use new technologies in order to solve problems”. Relative pronouns are words which introduce a new clause that refers back to a noun in the previous part of the sentence. In English they are often translated as ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’. Notice that relative pronouns send the verb to the end of the sentence. Wir werden neue Technologien benutzen, um Probleme zu lösen. We will use new technologies in order to solve problems. Ich habe einen Bruder. Der Bruder heißt Bart. Ich habe einen Bruder, der Bart heißt. I have a brother who is called Bart. There is always a comma before um. The verb in the second half of the sentence is always in the infinitive and it always goes at the end of the sentence. Ich habe zwei Schwestern. Die Schwestern heißen Maggie und Lisa. Ich habe zwei Schwestern, die Maggie und Lisa heißen. I have two sisters who are called Maggie and Lisa. ohne zu ... ich finde eine Partnerin. Ich will heiraten, sobald ich eine Partnerin finde. I want to marry as soon as I find a partner 2 In more complex sentences the word order rule remains the same. If there are two verbs (i.e. modals, perfect tense, future), the modal verb or part of haben / sein / werden comes at the very end. This is another useful construction which is used with the infinitive and means without doing something. Relative pronouns Er kam ins Zimmer, ohne zu klopfen. He came into the room without knocking. nom masc der fem die neut das plural die 2 F 2 F Ich möchte nach Ungarn fahren. Man kann da Tennis spielen. Ich möchte nach Ungarn fahren, WEIL man KANN da Tennis spielen. Ich möchte nach Ungarn fahren, weil man da Tennis spielen kann. 216 zweihundertsechzehn I want to go to Hungary because you can play tennis there. zweihundertsiebzehn 217
